政治组织中的文化多样性与经济绩效The Culture Diversity in Political Organization and Economic Performance
陈刚
摘要(Abstract):
在政治组织中,文化的多样性可能促进集体决策"集思广益",也可能抑制集体决策中的合作行为,因此,文化多样性对政治组织中集体决策的效率和质量,进而对组织绩效有着重要的影响。本文使用方言身份代理文化身份,测算了2005—2013年中国各地级市常委的文化多样性指数,在此基础上评估了文化多样性对以夜间灯光亮度衡量的地方经济绩效的影响。研究发现,地级市常委的文化多样性显著降低了本地夜间灯光亮度的增长率,且在控制了党政首长的文化差异、更多的常委异质性以及人口流入率等因素之后,这一发现均是稳健的;同时,利用地方党委换届影响常委文化多样性波动的外生冲击信息进行回归,同样发现地级市常委的文化多样性显著降低本地夜间灯光亮度增长率的证据。平均而言,地级市常委的文化多样性指数每增加一个标准差,本地夜间灯光亮度的增长率将会降低1.3~1.7个百分点左右,这大致相当于储蓄率降低5.4~7.5个百分点所造成的增长率损失;进一步以地级市常委家乡地集中率衡量常委间的人际交往强度,发现人际交往显著削弱了常委的文化多样性对夜间灯光亮度增长造成的不利影响。本文对完善中国的地方治理制度有着重要的启示意义。
关键词(KeyWords): 地级市党委;文化多样性;方言;夜间灯光亮度;经济绩效
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 陈刚
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2020.04.001
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- (1)见《地方党委会工作条例》。
- (2)原始数据可在国家基础地理信息中心网站下载(http://www.ngcc.cn)。
- (3)部分常委的信息中只提供了其籍贯地信息,并未提供出生地信息。这种情况下,本文将地级市常委的籍贯地视为其出生地。
- (4)在2015年修订的《地方党委会工作条例》中首次明确规定了地级市常委会的人员规模为9~11人,一般由地级市的市委书记、市长、专职副书记、常务副市长、纪委书记、组织部长、宣传部长、统战部长、常委秘书长和军分区政委(或司令员)组成。在此之前,尚未有明文规定地方党委常委会的人员规模,但也基本上介于9~11人。需要特别交代的一点是,本文在测算地级市常委的方言多样性指数时,并未纳入来自军队的常委,主要原因是来自军队的常委(军分区政委或司令员)的个人信息难以通过公开渠道获得,并且,来自军队的常委主要负责和协调军地合作事务,他们对地方经济事务的影响可能较为有限。
- (5)本文使用常委的方言多样性指数分别对本地夜间灯光亮度和人均GDP滞后1期到滞后4期进行了回归,发现本地夜间灯光亮度和人均GDP对常委方言多样性的影响都不能通过10%的统计显著性检验,这在一定程度上说明本地经济增长并不会显著影响常委的方言多样性。相关回归结果见附录中的附表1和附表2。
- (6)这是根据普通地级市样本回归结果测算的。
- (7)限于篇幅,本文并未汇报将变量divdia的二次项纳入方程之后的回归结果。
- (8)马昌博.2013.党政一把手的“较量”,http://star.news.sohu.com/s2013/yibashou/。
- (9)衡量常委家乡地多样性的变量divhom也是根据前文中的公式(2)测算得到;同时,常委的民族多样性divnat和性别多样性divsex的测算同样如此。
- (10)Croson and Gneezy(2009)对研究男性和女性偏好差异的文献进行了全面的梳理和综述。
- (11)衡量常委的出生地、民族和性别多样性的变量,均根据前文中的公式(2)测算得到。
- (12)《2005年1%人口抽样变动调查数据》和《2010年第六次人口普查数据》分别报告了中国大陆31个省(自治区、直辖市)的常住人口数,以及常住人口中户口所在地是外省的人口数。本文以户口所在地是外省的人口占常住人口的比例定义各省的人口流入率migrant。
- (13)在具体回归时,我们在回归方程中控制了时间和地区固定效应,因此严格来说,此处使用“未纳入任何控制变量”的表述并不严谨,只是出于方便表述的目的。
- (14)全部控制变量包括:初期夜间灯光亮度lum-1,储蓄率save,人口增长率labor,常委的家乡地、民族和性别多样性(divhom、divnat和divsex),以及人口流入率migrant。
- (15)各地级市人均GDP数据摘自历年《中国城市统计年鉴》,并以地级市所属省份的GDP平减指数调整为以2000年不变价格衡量。
- (16)变量homtow即是1减去前文中定义过的常委家乡地多样性指数divhom。
- (17)限于篇幅,本文并未汇报这部分的回归结果,有兴趣的读者可向作者索取。