生产要素的单边供给模式、定价偏差与效率损失:一项实验经济学研究1Unilateral Supply Mode in Production Factors, Mispricing, and Efficiency Loss——An Experimental Economics Study
魏立佳,彭妍
摘要(Abstract):
中国经常利用市场化手段向社会生产提供生产要素,其供给模式对社会生产效率有重大影响。本文运用实验经济学的方法,以生产要素的单边供给模式、定价偏差与效率损失为主题,对比研究了生产要素单边供给不同模式下的定价区别,并以要素存量、价格预期和市场经验来解释这些区别。本文的研究发现生产要素的固定数量供给和逐渐缩量供给模式都会造成生产要素的定价偏差、分配不均和效率损失,但逐渐缩量供给模式的问题更为严重。其中,要素存量和价格预期是理解生产要素价格波动的两个关键变量。通过提供跨期平滑的弹性供给、增加市场经验能够显著降低生产要素的价格波动、提高生产效率。
关键词(KeyWords): 生产要素;供给;定价;实验经济学
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目“抗疫精神对医护职业偏好、行为偏好的短期与长期影响:基于医务人员和医学院学生的研究”(项目编号:72173093)的资助
作者(Author): 魏立佳,彭妍
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- ① 新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典(Macmillan Publishers Ltd.,2018)中对生产要素的定义进行了具体说明(1264页),对于生产资料的内涵也有提及(1267页)。但生产要素的内涵和外延在政府和学术界尚未完全界定,本文不在此做过多讨论。在全国公共资源交易平台(广东)上,可以看到有土地、矿业、排污权和碳排放权、海域海岛、特许经营、城乡建设用地指标等生产要素可以竞标。
- (1)本文的研究始于2019年,但与2020年颁布的《意见》部分内容有着类似的思想。例如,《意见》第二部分提出:深化产业用地市场化配置改革。健全长期租赁、先租后让、弹性年期供应、作价出资(入股)等工业用地市场供应体系。第七部分提出:加强要素价格管理和监督。引导市场主体依法合理行使要素定价自主权,推动政府定价机制由制定具体价格水平向制定定价规则转变。上述《意见》的两个部分与本文的生产要素弹性供给、生产要素不同供给模式具有相似的内涵。
- (2)需要注意的是,本文中所说的弹性供给机制,并不需要政府做出额外的供给调节决策,而是把相机借还决策的权利留给了企业和市场,属于市场自动调节的范畴,政府相当于只是提供了企业可以进行跨期调配生产要素(透支及归还)的权利。实际上,生产资料的弹性供给类似于金融领域的贴息贷款,中国政府已经利用了贴息贷款、专项债发行前置等形式为企业提供流动性。
- (3)根据城市交通长期规划的汽车保有总量,这部分增量供给是有可能在未来逐渐回收的。
- (4)Burtraw et al.(2009),Shobe et al.(2010)以及Dormady(2014)等研究中也使用了类似的实验设计框架。
- (5)如2020年4月,石油期货价格就达到了创纪录的负37美元一桶。
- (6)感兴趣的读者可联系作者获取实验说明文档。
- (7)该部分强调内容均来源于实验说明,在开展实验前已拟定成稿,每场实验中由实验员按照拟定文字宣读,在每个要点宣读后会询问被试是否有疑问。
- (8)本实验的A类和B类厂商的收益因生产函数不同而有所差异,A类厂商的生产利润要高于B类厂商。但是本实验为B类厂商提供的初始禀赋更高,基本补齐了A类厂商和B类厂商的总利润区别。在最优路径下,A、B类参与者在一个市场上的人均实验收益(不考虑预测收益)分别为537.09和554.65实验币。
- (9)参与者共同信息包括:实验设计中涉及的随机数的分布(经济周期、个人生产的边际其他成本),实际经济状态(每期一开始即获知),每期拍卖供给量(实验开始即获知),生产要素成交价格(竞拍结束获知);参与者私人信息:个人类型(A或B类)、个人生产成本、实验币账户余额、生产要素存量,以及个人竞拍获得的生产要素数量。
- (10)感谢审稿专家的意见与建议。Hanaki et al.(2018)使用的是随机支付预测任务或资产市场任务的激励方式,而本文采用的是既支付资产市场任务也支付预测任务(预测任务占实验总收益的17.6%)。本文通过梳理文献以及对实验数据的分析对本文预测及竞拍任务之间是否会相互影响进行了事后论证。整体而言,本实验中预测和竞拍任务之间的相关影响较小。若有读者对该部分内容感兴趣,可联系作者索要该部分分析文档。
- (11)实验设计的高额罚款保证了:在最后一期结束之前,参与者有足够的动机买回之前透支使用的生产要素,以维持每个市场中15期实验的总供给量不变。总供给量不变的设计保证了各实验局之间有一定的可比性,也对应了现实中为辅助弹性供给机制良好运行而设置的严格履约规则。
- (12)本文与经典厂商理论模型的不同之处在于本文仅考虑一种生产要素的购置需要,将特定的一种生产要素的购买成本与其他生产成本分开,并对其他生产成本的函数性质进行了二次型设置,以便于对利润最大化问题进行求解。
- (13)在有限弹性供给实验局中,设置的每位参与者的生产要素透支额度为2期的理论均衡使用量,具体而言:A类参与者的生产要素透支额度为6单位,B类参与者的生产要素透支额度为8单位。
- (14)根据实验中每期的产品价格以及每单位产品的边际成本等随机数实现值,可计算出当选择生产本单位产品时,消耗的单位生产要素带来的价值,本章将其称之为生产要素使用价值。
- (15)本节所涉及的所有检验分析,如无特殊说明,均为第一个市场数据的分析结果,即无市场经验的分析结果。
- (16)St?ckl et al.(2010)文中资产的市场结构以及资产形式均与本文不同,但其推崇的度量价格偏离的指标可以经过适应性调整应用到本文中,具体说明见附录1.1。
- (17)缩量供给下生产要素累积流入数量■
- (18)固定供给下生产要素累积流入数量■
- (19)市场水平数据:每个市场的15期数据聚合而成的数据,即每个市场对应一个观测。
- (20)时期水平数据:每个实验局的每一期,都可以生成一个数据,即一个时期对应一个观测。