信息不对称与供求失衡下的“用工荒”Imperfect Information and Imbalances in the Migrant Labor Market
武康平,田欣
摘要(Abstract)：
劳动雇佣双方的信息不对称,会导致劳动市场资源错配,社会福利损失。这一问题在工人流动性强、缺乏信息传递、劳动力来源分散的农民工劳动市场尤其严重,从城镇化初期农村劳动力过剩直至近年来的"用工荒",农民工劳动市场始终存在着供求失衡的问题。本文借助G.Akerlof的"柠檬市场"理论,建立了不完全信息下的供求模型来分析农村劳动力外出打工的行为决策和企业工资决策。本文发现,工资调节机制和信号机制均无法改善该市场的就业状况,供需不均的问题始终存在;并且无论在哪种工资档次下,市场始终处于企业招聘的农民工越多越好,而农民工的供给却非常有限的状况,造成了当下"用工荒"的局面。
关键词(KeyWords)： 供需失衡;农民工劳动市场;信息不对称
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 武康平,田欣
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2020.02.007
参考文献(References)：
- 蔡昉.2007.破解农村剩余劳动力之谜[J].中国人口科学,(2):2-7.Cai F.2007.The myth of surplus labor force in rural China[J].Chinese Journal of Population Science,(2):2-7.(in Chinese)
- 陈钊,陆铭,佐藤宏.2009.谁进入了高收入行业?——关系、户籍与生产率的作用[J].经济研究,(10):121-132.Chen Z,Lu M,Zuo T H.2009.Who entered high-wage industries?The role of social network,Hukou and labor productivities[J].Economic Research Journal,(10):121-132.(in Chinese)
- 封建强.2000.我国职工工资收入分布函数的模拟与估计[J].预测,19(5):47-50.Feng J Q.2000.Simulation and estimation about Chinese staff and worker salary distribution function[J].Forecasting,19(5):47-50.(in Chinese)
- 坎贝尔·麦康奈尔,斯坦利·布鲁,戴维·麦克弗森.2018.劳动经济学[M].徐玉龙,杨伟国,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
- 蒯鹏州,王明华,张丽丽.2015.“民工荒”视角下的农民工工资决定机制及其影响研究[J].农业现代化研究,36(3):432-437.Kuai P Z,Wang M H,Zhang L L.2015.Study on the wage determining mechanism for migrant workers and its impacts when facing severe migrant worker shortage[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,36(3):432-437.(in Chinese)
- 李强.2001.中国城市农民工劳动力市场研究[J].学海,(1):110-115.Li Q.2001.Labor market of the urban migrants in China[J].Journal of Xuehai,(1):110-115.(in Chinese)
- 李唐,宁璐.2016.农民工城镇化融合、合作交流能力与劳动生产率——基于2015年“中国企业-员工匹配调查”(CEES)的经验证据[J].宏观质量研究,4(1):51-66.Li T,Ning L.2016.The urban integration of peasant-workers,cooperation and communication ability,labor productivity evidence from 2015 China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES)[J].Journal of Macro-Quality Research,4(1):51-66.(in Chinese)
- 李伟.2011.“用工荒”现象研究综述[J].经济研究参考,(70):34-42.Li W.2011.Literature review on labor shortage[J].Review of Economic Research,(70):34-42.(in Chinese)
- 乔治·J.鲍哈斯.2018.劳动经济学[M].7版.沈凯玲,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
- 王德文,蔡昉,张国庆.2008.农村迁移劳动力就业与工资决定:教育与培训的重要性[J].经济学(季刊),7(4):1131-1148.Wang D W,Cai F,Zhang G Q.2008.Employment and wage determination of rural migrant workers:The role of education and training[J].China Economic Quarterly,7(4):1131-1148.(in Chinese)
- 王荣武,李红.2002.集体协商谈判与劳动力市场效率[J].商业研究,(15):35-36.Wang R W,Li H.2002.Collective negotiation and efficiency in labor market[J].Commercial Research,(15):35-36.(in Chinese)
- 许光建,秦永良.2002.非对称信息市场理论的贡献及其应用[J].宏观经济研究,(2):53-56,63.Xu G J,Qin Y L.2002.Contribution and application of asymmetric information market theory[J].Macroeconomics,(2):53-56,63.(in Chinese)
- 叶静怡,薄诗雨,刘丛,等.2012.社会网络层次与农民工工资水平——基于身份定位模型的分析[J].经济评论,(4):31-42.Ye J Y,Bo S Y,Liu C,et al.2012.The levels of social network and wage of rural-urban migrants:From a perspective of indentity model[J].Economic Review,(4):31-42.(in Chinese)
- 殷李松,周志太,贾敬全.2012.中国用工荒演变轨迹研究[J].华东经济管理,26(2):59-64.Yin L S,Zhou Z T,Jia J Q.2012.Research on labor shortage evolution in China[J].East China Economic Management,26(2):59-64.(in Chinese)
- 袁青川.2018.劳动经济学:理论与实证[M].北京:科学出版社.
- 章元,陆铭.2009.社会网络是否有助于提高农民工的工资水平?[J].管理世界,(3):45-54.Zhang Y,Lu M.2009.Does the social network help to increase the wages of migrant peasant-workers?[J].Management World,(3):45-54.(in Chinese)
- 周先波,刘建广,郑馨.2016.信息不完全、搜寻成本和均衡工资——对广东省外来农民工劳动力市场信息不完全程度的测度[J].经济学(季刊),15(1):149-172.Zhou X B,Liu J G,Zheng X.2016.Incomplete Information,search cost,and equilibrium wage:Evidence from the measurement for the incomplete information of rural immigrant labor market in Guangdong[J].China Economic Quarterly,15(1):149-172.(in Chinese)
- Akerlof G A.1970.The market for “Lemons”:Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,84(3):488-500.
- Bond E W.1982.A direct test of the “Lemons” model:The market for used pickup trucks[J].The American Economic Review,72(4):836-840.
- Fieseler K,Kittsteiner T,Moldovanu B.2003.Partnerships,lemons,and efficient trade[J].Journal of Economic Theory,113(2):223-234.
- Kim J C.1985.The market for “lemons” reconsidered:A model of the used car market with asymmetric information[J].The American Economic Review,75(4):836-843.
- Leland H E.1979.Quacks,lemons,and licensing:A theory of minimum quality standards[J].Journal of Political Economy,87(6):1328-1346.
- Lofgren K G,Persson T,Weibull J W.2002.Markets with asymmetric information:The contributions of George Akerlof,Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz[J].The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,104(2):195-211.
- Salem A B Z,Mount T D.1974.A convenient descriptive model of income distribution:The Gamma density[J].Econometrica,Econometric Society,42(6):1115-1127.
- Spence M.1973.Job market signaling[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,87(3):355-374.
- Stiglitz J E.1975.The theory of “screening,” education,and the distribution of income[J].The American Economic Review,65(3):283-300.
- Stiglitz J E.1976.Prices and queues as screening devices in competitive markets[R].IMSSS Technical Report No.212,Stanford:Stanford University.
- Stiglitz J E,Weiss A.1981.Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information[J].The American Economic Review,71(3):393-410.
- Wilson C A.1979.Equilibrium and adverse selection[J].The American Economic Review,69(2):313-317.
- (1)数据来自中国新闻网《节后“用工荒”准时来袭转型升级成解决关键》,2013年3月8日。
- (2)在符合经济学意义的前提下,对各个变量设定进行合理值内的假定,从而估算出生产率分布的合理区间。
- (3)第二个回归中生产率的系数为0.83,与第一个回归中的0.84非常接近,因此可以认为机会成本曲线的估计一定程度是准确的,几乎不存在遗漏变量偏误。