我国城镇居民就业结构变迁与收入差距研究Employment Structure Change and Wage Inequality in Urban China
李冰冰,吴斌珍
摘要(Abstract):
本文利用城镇住户调查数据及人口普查数据分析我国城镇居民在经济发展快速转型和增长期间的就业结构变迁,并进一步分析收入差距和就业结构变化的关系。结果显示,不同于发达国家的“极化”现象,我国经济发展快速转型和增长时期,城镇居民的就业结构呈现“升级”模式:低技能岗位雇佣比例下降,中高技能岗位雇佣比例上升;同时低技能岗位工资增长慢于中高技能岗位。虽然就业结构变动比较大,但对我国总体收入差距变动的贡献并不大,劳动力在不同岗位的就业比例变化对收入差距变化的影响约为1%。收入差距的变化主要来自岗位内不可观测技能回报的变化以及可观测变量如教育、地区等的回报变化和岗位的回报变化。
关键词(KeyWords): 就业结构;劳动力流动;工资差距;收入差距;升级模式
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目“中国企业税费负担水平和差距:现状、原因及影响”(项目编号:72073079)的资助
作者(Author): 李冰冰,吴斌珍
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20230329.002
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- (1)将建筑业的专业技术人员、单位负责人、办事人员和商业服务性人员分别并入工业的专业技术人员、单位负责人、办事人员和商业服务性人员。将金融保险行业的单位负责人、办事人员、商业服务性人员和生产工人分别并入社会服务业的单位负责人、办事人员、商业服务性人员和生产工人。将党政机关社团的商业服务性人员和生产工人分别并入科教文卫行业的商业服务性人员和生产工人。
- (2)工资数据按照各省的CPI以2009年为基数进行了调整。
- (3)自雇佣人员在中等技能岗位就业的比例随年份略有下降,从1992年的85%下降到2009年的80%;在低技能岗位的就业比例也有所减小,从1992年的14%下降到2009年的10%;在高技能岗位的就业比例从1992年的不到1%上升到2009年的9.5%。
- (4)我们还尝试采用CHIPs数据,但CHIPs数据中2002年之前的调查中职业分类无法区分商业服务人员和生产工人,采用CHIPs 2002、2007、2013年城镇户口样本得到的结果波动比较大(见附录表6),可能与样本量有关。虽然CHIPs单独调查了农民工样本,但是2007年之前的农民工调查中也无法区分商业服务人员和生产工人,并且2007年农民工的行业职业分类和城镇居民的分类不一致,难以做统一的分析。
- (5)计算方法:加入大学和三类技能岗位的交叉项之后,三类技能岗位虚拟变量的系数加常数项即为w■。另外,这里如果不是考察大学教育回报率,而是分析大学毕业生和高中毕业生样本的总体工资差距的来源,我们可以考虑以下的回归:拿对数工资对三类技能岗位虚拟变量及其他个人特征(比如性别、经验、教育水平等)作回归,不控制大学和三类技能岗位的交叉项。此时,岗位虚拟变量的系数代表了不同岗位的工资差距,回归的R2值代表了大学生和高中生样本总体工资方差中能由岗位及其他个人特征等组间方差解释的部分,而1-R2代表了组内方差或残差项方差能解释的部分,也即给定岗位及其他个人特征后的个体工资差距。
- (6)只采用男性样本,用相同的分解方法得到的残差项的解释力更高。
- (7)Meng et al.(2013)发现以2009年为基年可观测变量的组成效应对1988—2009年总工资方差变动的贡献为43%,但是他们没有报告以1988或1992为基年的组成效应。他们仅采用男性样本,我们仅采用男性样本以2009年为基年得到的组成效应贡献为约40%,结果非常接近。
- (8)粗略将自雇佣样本报告的工资收入作为他们的收入。