绿色高铁：高铁开通能降低雾霾污染吗？Green High-Speed Railway:Does High-Speed Railway Reduce Haze Pollution?
张华,冯烽
摘要(Abstract)：
近年来中国高铁迅猛发展,对经济、结构、技术等方面产生日益显著的影响,这进一步影响到雾霾污染,因此亟待检验高铁开通的雾霾污染效应。基于2003—2016年中国285个城市的面板数据,本文利用高铁在不同城市、开通时间上的变异,使用渐进性的双重差分方法估计了高铁开通对雾霾污染的影响。研究发现,相比于未开通城市,高铁开通城市的PM2.5地表浓度平均降低1.81%,意味着高铁开通带来了环境红利;从动态效应上看,高铁开通的减霾效应出现在开通后的第一年和第二年。同时,高铁开通对雾霾污染的影响存在异质性,减霾效应在东中部城市、沿海城市、非资源型城市以及高创新水平城市、高人力资本水平城市更加显著。机制分析表明,高铁开通通过规模效应、结构效应和技术效应三条途径影响雾霾污染水平。本文丰富了高铁与雾霾污染的相关文献,从雾霾污染的视角为高铁建设的经济社会效益评估提供了环境方面的证据。
关键词(KeyWords)： 高铁开通;雾霾污染;双重差分法
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金青年项目（批准号：71703073）;; 中国博士后科学基金项目（批准号：2017M610218）;; 江苏省社会科学基金青年项目（批准号：16GLC005）;; 南京审计大学青年教师科研培育项目（批准号：18QNPY009）资助
作者(Author): 张华,冯烽
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20190906.001
参考文献(References)：
- 陈诗一，陈登科．2018．雾霾污染、政府治理与经济高质量发展[J]．经济研究，（2):20-34.Chen S Y,Chen D K.2018.Air pollution,government regulations and highquality economic development[J].Economic Research Journal,(2):20-34.(in Chinese）
- 杜兴强，彭妙薇．2017．高铁开通会促进企业高级人才的流动吗？[J]．经济管理，39(12):89-107.Du X Q,Peng M W.2017.Do high-speed trains motivate the flow of corporate highly educated talents?[J].Business Management Journal,39(12):89-107.(in Chinese）
- 高明，陈丽强，郭施宏．2018．轨道交通、BRT与空气质量---一个城市异质性的视角[J]．中国人口·资源与环境，28(6):73-79.Gao M,Chen L Q,Guo S H.2018.Rail transit,BRT and air quality:A view of urban heterogeneity[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,28(6):73-79.(in Chinese）
- 黄寿峰．2017．财政分权对中国雾霾影响的研究[J]．世界经济，（2):127-152.Huang S F.2017.A study of impacts of fiscal decentralization on smog pollution[J].The Journal of World Economy,(2):127-152.(in Chinese）
- 寇宗来，刘学悦．2017．中国城市和产业创新力报告2017[R]．上海：复旦大学产业发展研究中心．Kou Z L,Liu X Y.2017.FIND report on city and industrial innovation in China(2017)[R].Shanghai:Fudan Institute of Industrial Development,School of Economics,Fudan University.(in Chinese）
- 梁若冰，席鹏辉．2016．轨道交通对空气污染的异质性影响---基于RDID方法的经验研究[J]．中国工业经济，（3):83-98.Liang R B,Xi P H.2016.Heterogeneous effects of rail transit on air pollution:An empirical study with RDID[J].China Industrial Economics,(3):83-98.(in Chinese）
- 刘冲，周黎安．2014．高速公路建设与区域经济发展：来自中国县级水平的证据[J]．经济科学，（2):55-67.Liu C,Zhou L A.2014.Highway construction and regional economic development:Evidence from Chinese counties[J].Economic Science,(2):55-67.(in Chinese）
- 刘勇政，李岩．2017．中国的高速铁路建设与城市经济增长[J]．金融研究，（11):18-33.Liu Y Z,Li Y.2017.High-speed rails and city economic growth in China[J].Journal of Financial Research,(11):18-33.(in Chinese）
- 陆铭，冯皓．2014．集聚与减排：城市规模差距影响工业污染强度的经验研究[J]．世界经济，（7):86-114.Lu M,Feng H.2014.Agglomeration and emission reduction:An empirical study on the impact of urban size gap on industrial pollution intensity[J].The Journal of World Economy,(7):86-114.(in Chinese）
- 马丽梅，张晓．2014．中国雾霾污染的空间效应及经济、能源结构影响[J]．中国工业经济，（4):19-31.Ma L M,Zhang X.2014.The spatial effect of Chinas haze pollution and the impact from economic change and energy structure[J].China Industrial Economics,(4):19-31.(in Chinese）
- 秦蒙，刘修岩，仝怡婷．2016．蔓延的城市空间是否加重了雾霾污染---来自中国PM2.5数据的经验分析[J]．财贸经济，37(11):146-160.Qin M,Liu X Y,Tong Y T.2016.Does urban sprawl exacerbate haze pollution:An empirical study of fine particles(PM2.5)in Chinese cities[J].Finance&Trade Economics,37(11):146-160.(in Chinese）
- 邵帅，李欣，曹建华，等．2016．中国雾霾污染治理的经济政策选择---基于空间溢出效应的视角[J]．经济研究，（9):73-88.Shao S,Li X,Cao J H,et al.2016.Chinas economic policy choices for governing smog pollution:Based on spatial spillover effects[J].Economic Research Journal,(9):73-88.(in Chinese）
- 沈坤荣，金刚．2018．中国地方政府环境治理的政策效应---基于“河长制”演进的研究[J]．中国社会科学，（5):92-115.Shen K R,Jin G.2018.The policy effects of local governmentsenvironmental governance in China:A study based on the evolution of the“River-Director”system[J].Social Sciences in China,(5):92-115.(in Chinese）
- 石大千，丁海，卫平，等．2018．智慧城市建设能否降低环境污染[J]．中国工业经济，（6):117-135.Shi D Q,Ding H,Wei P,et al.2018.Can smart city construction reduce environmental pollution[J].China Industrial Economics,(6):117-135.(in Chinese）
- 李欣泽，纪小乐，周灵灵．2017．高铁能改善企业资源配置吗？---来自中国工业企业数据库和高铁地理数据的微观证据[J]．经济评论，（6):3-21.Li X Z,Ji X L,Zhou L L.2017.Can high-speed railway improve enterprisesresource allocation?Micro-Evidence from the annual survey of industrial firms in China and high-speed railway geographic data[J].Economic Review,(6):3-21.(in Chinese）
- 施震凯，邵军，浦正宁．2018．交通基础设施改善与生产率增长：来自铁路大提速的证据[J]．世界经济，41(6):127-151.Shi Z K,Shao J,Pu Z N.2018.Effects of quality improvements in transportation infrastructure on total factor productivity growth:Evidence of Chinese railway speed acceleration[J].The Journal of World Economy,41(6):127-151.(in Chinese）
- 汪伟，刘玉飞，彭冬冬．2015．人口老龄化的产业结构升级效应研究[J]．中国工业经济（11):47-61.Wang W,Liu Y F,Peng D D.2015.Research on effects of population aging on industrial upgrading[J].China Industrial Economics,(11):47-61.(in Chinese）
- 张克中，陶东杰．2016．交通基础设施的经济分布效应---来自高铁开通的证据[J]．经济学动态，（6):62-73.Zhang K Z,Tao D J.2016.Economic distribution effect of transportation infrastructure:Evidence from the opening of high-speed railway[J].Economic Perspectives,(6):62-73.(in Chinese）
- 张梦婷，俞峰，钟昌标，等．2018．高铁网络、市场准入与企业生产率[J]．中国工业经济，（5):137-156.Zhang M T,Yu F,Zhong C B,et al.2018.High-speed railways,market access and enterprisesproductivity[J].China Industrial Economics,(5):137-156.(in Chinese）
- 周玉龙，杨继东，黄阳华，等．2018．高铁对城市地价的影响及其机制研究---来自微观土地交易的证据[J]．中国工业经济，（5):118-136.Zhou Y L,Yang J D,Huang Y H,et al.2018.Study on the impact of high speed rail on land price and its mechanism:Evidence from micro land transactions[J].China Industrial Economics,(5):118-136.(in Chinese）
- Chandra A,Thompson E.2000.Does public infrastructure affect economic activity?:Evidence from the rural interstate highway system[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,30(4):457-490．
- Chang T,Graff Zivin J,Gross T,et al.2016.Particulate pollution and the productivity of pear packers[J].American Economic Journal:Economic Policy,8(3):141-169．
- Chen Y S,Whalley A.2012.Green infrastructure:The effects of urban rail transit on air quality[J].American Economic Journal:Economic Policy,4(1):58-97．
- Diao M.2018.Does growth follow the rail?The potential impact of high-speed rail on the economic geography of China[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,113:279-290．
- Dong X F.2018.High-speed railway and urban sectoral employment in China[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,116:603-621．
- Duflo E,Pande R.2007.Dams[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,122(2):601-646．
- Ebenstein A,Fan M Y,Greenstone M,et al.2017.New evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from Chinas Huai River policy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(39):10384-10389．
- Faber B.2014.Trade integration,market size,and industrialization:Evidence from Chinas national trunk highway system[J].Review of Economic Studies,81(3):1046-1070．
- Gao Y Y,Song S F,Sun J,et al.2018.Does high-speed rail really promote economic growth?Evidence from Chinas Yangtze River delta region[R].Working Paper．
- Grossman G M,Krueger A B.1991.Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement[R].Working Paper．
- Li N,Chen J P,Tsai I C,et al.2016a.Potential impacts of electric vehicles on air quality in Taiwan[J].Science of the Total Environment,566-567:919-928．
- Li P,Lu Y,Wang J.2016b.Does flattening government improve economic performance?Evidence from China[J].Journal of Development Economics,123:18-37．
- Lin F Q,Tang Y,Yu F,et al.2019.High-speed railway to success?The effects of HSR connection on regional economic development in China[J].Journal of Regional Science,59(4):1-20．
- Lin Y T.2017.Travel costs and urban specialization patterns:Evidence from Chinas high speed railway system[J].Journal of Urban Economics,98:98-123．
- Luo Z,Wan G H,Wang C,et al.2018.Urban pollution and road infrastructure:Acase study of China[J].China Economic Review,49:171-183．
- Qin Y.2017．‘No county left behind？’The distributional impact of high-speed rail upgrades in China[J].Journal of Economic Geography,17(3):489-520．
- Shao S,Tian Z H,Yang L L.2017.High speed rail and urban service industry agglomeration:Evidence from Chinas Yangtze River Delta region[J].Journal of Transport Geography,64:174-183．
- Wang X,Xie Z,Zhang X B,et al.2018.Roads to innovation:Firm-level evidence from Peoples Republic of China(PRC)[J].China Economic Review,49:154-170．
- Zhang S L,Li Y,Hao Y,et al.2018.Does public opinion affect air quality?Evidence based on the monthly data of 109prefecture-level cities in China[J].Energy Policy,116:299-311．
- Zheng S Q,Kahn M E.2013.Chinas bullet trains facilitate market integration and mitigate the cost of megacity growth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(14):E1248-E1253.