郭四维,张明昂,曹静

• 1:清华大学经济管理学院经济系

摘要(Abstract)：

教育能否真的影响健康一直是学术界争论的话题,传统观点认为教育能够促进健康水平的提高,但近来随着计量方法的改善,这一结论已受到挑战。本文借助我国1986年实施义务教育法这一历史事件,使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据和模糊断点回归(RD)方法研究初中阶段教育对居民健康水平的影响。回归结果表明,无论是主观汇报的身体健康、心理健康、健康问题还是客观的身体形态指标"肥胖""体重过重""体重过低",都不受教育的影响,且结论在区分样本性别、城乡及改变回归方程的阶数和带宽后保持稳健。本文结论与现有文献中使用OLS、IV方法估计得出的结论不同,主要原因在于本文使用的RD、RD-DD等计量方法在很大程度上克服了遗漏变量偏误。同时,通过进一步的机制分析我们发现教育并不影响除了对待医疗卫生正确态度之外的其他健康行为指标,且高中阶段的教育对健康也没有显著影响,本文结论具有较强一般性。

关键词(KeyWords)： 居民健康;义务教育法;模糊断点回归

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 郭四维,张明昂,曹静

DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20190730.001

参考文献(References)：

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• (1)本文论及的教育指的是居民接受的学校教育，即居民的受教育程度。
• (1)基于CGSS样本计算，见后文表3。
• (2)本文所用CGSS样本不是面板数据，无法对整体死亡率进行计算；CFPS样本2010到2012年间的整体死亡率为1.16%。
• (1)也有个别省份及地区在国家颁布该法律之前就颁布条例实施九年义务教育制度，包括浙江（1985.09 ）、上海（1985.09）、江西（1986.02），且安徽和宁夏曾分别在1985年9月和1986年7月实施五到六年义务教育。
• (1)这15个省份及地区的具体实施年月为：辽宁（1986.07）、山西（1986.07）、黑龙江（1986.07）、北京（1986.07）、河北（1986.07）、四川（1986.07）、重庆（1986.07）、江苏（1986.09）、山东（1986.09）、广东（1986.09 ）、河南（1986.10）、云南（1986.10）、天津（1986.11）、吉林（1987.02）、湖北（1987.03）。其中重庆市在1986年政策实施时尚未成立直辖市，属四川省管辖，与四川省的政策实施时间保持一致。
• (2)开学时间的三次大变革[N].[2017-09-23]太行日报．
• (1)其余省份除了先于中央出台九年义务教育政策的浙江、上海及江西3个省市外，还包括：安徽（1987.09）、陕西（1987.09）、福建（1988）、新疆（1988）、内蒙古（1988）、青海（1988）、甘肃（1990）、广西（1991）、湖南（1991）、海南（1991）、宁夏（1993）、西藏（1994）、贵州（1994)13个省、区，共16个省、区、市。
• (1)一般及以上对应程度数值“3”“4”“5”，一般以下对应程度数值“1”“2”。
• (2)国际标准一般将BMI≥30定义为肥胖，亚洲多数国家包括我国则将BMI≥28定义为肥胖，略有差异。
• (3)标准中将BMI分为4类，BMI<18.5为体重过低，18.5≤BMI<24为正常，24≤BMI<28为超重，BMI≥28为肥胖，这里依据BMI≥24定义的指标包含了所有体重过重的情况（超重以及肥胖）。
• (1)我们在附录7中还以出生年月（以月份为单位）作为驱动变量，对本文主要的估计结果进行检验，结论保持一致。
• (1)本文同样基于局部线性非参数估计方法绘制了先决变量的回归拟合图，汇报在附录1中。
• (1)在局部线性估计中，我们使用基于IK(Imbens and Kalyanaraman,2012）方法计算得到的最优带宽（-50,50）。
• (1)本文同样基于局部线性非参数估计方法绘制了简约型估计的回归拟合图，汇报在附录3中。
• (1)有关样本异质性的稳健检验，我们放在第4部分讨论。
• (1)由于篇幅有限，使用其余带宽的估计结果汇报在附录5中。
• (1)注意在前文的RD回归中，我们只考虑了在1986年7月到1987年6月间实施义务教育法的15个省份。
• (2)这些省份包括甘肃（1990）、广西（1991）、湖南（1991）、海南（1991）、宁夏（1993）、西藏（1994）、贵州（1994）共7个省份。