区域协调发展政策效果的再评估——来自因果森林算法的异质性处理效应分析Using Machine Learning to Revalue the Regional Coordinated Development Policy——Analysis of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects from Causal Forest
胡尊国,熊云晖,邓理婕,彭新宇
摘要(Abstract):
在“有为政府”与“有效市场”双重机制下,尽管我国东西部地区发展在差距不断缩小的同时,经济仍能保持较高速度增长,但由于抑制空间自由分工可能会引发资源错配,其结果可能是牺牲经济效率换取区域平衡发展;因此,各界对旨在加快欠发达地区发展的区域协调政策的效果争议颇大。有鉴于此,本文首次利用因果森林为主的机器学习方法评估了2003年以来区域政策对各城市生产效率和相对公共福利的影响,并通过岭回归、lasso估计和正则化分析了因果森林平均处理效应(ATE)和条件平均处理效应(CATE)的稳健性,结果发现:(1)2003—2017年,区域政策对缩小地区之间相对公共福利差距的作用不明显,但是显著提升了欠发达地区人均GDP发展速度,每年贡献度达2.2%;(2)区域政策对提升欠发达地区生产效率的作用在不断下降,目前很多城市“阶段性”下降至“零”效果的附近;(3)倾斜性政策对促进南方城市生产效率提升的效果大于北方;(4)区域政策干预并不能弱化港口因素对欠发达地区经济发展的制约,南方地区尤其明显。
关键词(KeyWords): 区域政策;因果森林;机器学习;政策评估
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学青年基金项目“城镇化大转型背景下区域平衡政策的可持续性研究”(18CJL032)的资助
作者(Author): 胡尊国,熊云晖,邓理婕,彭新宇
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2022.02.005
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- (1)主成分分析方法构造了22个变量原始数据生成地区相对公共福利指数,这22个变量分别是:社会消费品零售额、地方财政预算内支出、教育事业费支出、城乡居民储蓄年末余额、年末金融机构存款余额、职工平均工资、普通中学学校数、小学学校数、普通中学专任教师数、小学专任教师数、普通中学在校学生数、小学在校学生数、医院、卫生院床位数、医生数、 邮政业务总量、电信业务总量、居民家庭用水量、市区人口、年末实有铺装道路面积、年末实有公共营运汽电车、公共汽电车客运总数、公共绿地面积。
- (2)文中两个阶段定义为:第一阶段是指2004—2011年;第二阶段是指2012—2017年。
- (3)中国四大区域划分依据《中国统计年鉴》分类原则,东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南10个省份;中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南 6 个省份;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、四川、重庆、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆 12 个省份;东北地区包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江 3 个省份。西南地区包括广西、四川、重庆、贵州、云南、西藏;西北地区包括内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。
- (4)由于篇幅限制,277座地级及以上城市南北方城市划分这里省略,若有必要,请向作者索取。
- (5)将北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、海南除外,其他省份所管辖的地级市及以上城市均接受区域倾斜政策干预,处理变量设为1。样本城市有277座,以传统的秦岭-淮河为界,277座样本城市,产生其中北方城市130座,南方城市147座。
- (6)C1-四大板块分类;C2-南北方划分;X0-港口距离分类;X1-2003年人均GDP;X2-相应阶段内信贷平均发展速度;X3-相应阶段内人力资本平均值;X4-相应阶段内交通货运量平均值;X5-相应阶段内固定资产投资平均值;X6-相应阶段内建设用地面积平均发展速度;X7-相应阶段内建设用地面积变异系数;X8-相应阶段内财政收入支出比平均值;X9-相应阶段内专业化集聚平均值;X10-相应阶段内多样化集聚平均;X11-相应阶段内辖区人口平均值。
- (7)由于篇幅限制,文中没有给出,方便备索。