基于我国国债市场价格偏离现象的探讨Price Deviation in Chinese Sovereign Bond Market
白颢睿,吕元稹
摘要(Abstract):
提高国债市场的市场深度是完善国债收益率曲线的重点内容,而本文研究发现由于做空机制的不成熟和套利资本的缺乏,我国国债市场出现了个券收益率长期显著偏离市场收益率的价格偏离现象。该现象并不能完全由套利空间狭窄和市场流动性不足进行解释。基于该价格偏离构建投资组合持有一周,我们发现在2006年1月至2017年4月,该策略可以在银行间市场获得显著的正向平均周超额收益率55基点,在上交所市场获得显著的正向平均周超额收益率30基点,对应年化超额收益率达28.6%和15.6%。在控制债券市场风险、期限风险、违约风险以及流动性风险因子后,该策略在两市场依旧可以获得显著的超额收益率。该策略的因子调整后超额收益率主要由卖空组实现,做空机制的缺乏是产生风险调整后策略超额收益的关键。
关键词(KeyWords): 国债市场;债券定价;做空限制;套利资本
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 白颢睿,吕元稹
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20191226.002
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- (1)2002年后,同时在银行间市场和交易所市场交易的国债理论上是可以实现双向流动的。但根据《国债跨市场转托管业务管理办法》的第十二条规定,完成转托管并实现上市重新流动需要2~3个工作日。这对套利资本跨市场纠正当日内错误定价形成了较大障碍,同时童威等(2005)发现在考虑转托管成本和交易成本的状况下,错时2~3天的价差收益率不足以给跨市场跨交易日的套利投资者带来显著正向超额收益。
- (1)参考Hu, Pan and Wang(2013)的方法,我们按照如下公式计算市场价格偏离水平,Noiset=(1/NtNt ∑ i=1[yit-yi(bt)] 2)~(1/2)其中,yi t是t日国债i的实际到期收益率,yibt是t日国债i依据所估计到期收益率曲线测算的内在理论到期收益率。同时,由于2013年上交所市场日频活跃券较少,其仅在56个交易日有计算得到的市场层面偏离水平。基于同样的原因,图4中上交所周超额收益率在2013年出现了较多缺失。
- (1)数据来源于中国货币网,最后访问时间为2019年7月9日。
- (1)数据来源于中国债券信息网,最后访问时间为2019年7月9日。这里的主要利率券包括国债、地方政府债、政策性金融债和政府支持机构债,因为银行间市场债券借贷业务标的券种绝大多数为此四种类型的利率债。考虑数据的可得性,我们采用中央国债登记结算公司托管的主要利率券数据进行计算,而另一托管机构上海清算所所托管的主要利率券仅占总量可以忽略不计的部分。
- (1)投资组合持有时间的选择需要考虑该策略累计超额收益率全部释放所需要的时间,并兼顾银行间市场和上交所市场的可比性。在下文图5对策略投资组合累计超额收益率的日频变动情况的分析中,虽然上海证券交易所市场所构建组合的累计超额收益率在t=20日时仍有小幅增长,但考虑到组合累计超额收益率在组合构建日后一周内已经大部分反应且与银行间市场的情况进行对应比较,我们选择以周为单位对投资组合进行重新构建。
- (1)由于中债登AAA级及AA级企业债到期收益率曲线自2007年5月25日开始发布,故三因子和四因子调整后超额收益率的计算以2007年5月25日开始的数据为基础。