行政分权、财政分权与中国经济增长——来自县级证据Administrative Decentralization, Fiscal Decentralization and China's Economic Growth——Evidence from County Data
李永涛,陈硕,彭耀辉
摘要(Abstract):
对改革开放以来我国取得的经济成就,现有文献主要围绕财政分权展开。除了财政分权,我国央地关系的调整也包括管理权下放,即行政分权。虽然改革开放后已积累了非常多行政分权实践,但致力于检验其作用的研究并不丰富。本文试图在一个统一框架下检验两种分权方式对经济增长的作用。基于2000—2010年间“扩权强县”改革样本并采用空间配比和双重差分方法,我们发现“扩权强县”改革能够显著促进县域经济增长。具体而言,在整个改革期间行政分权可以解释当地实际GDP增长的3%~5%。就作用机制来说,行政分权主要是通过扩大地方基本建设支出及提高财政支出效率来实现对经济的推动作用。
关键词(KeyWords): 行政分权;财政分权;经济增长
基金项目(Foundation): 辽宁省社会科学规划基金项目“推进辽宁城市治理现代化水平的对策研究(项目号:L20BGL010)”;; 辽宁省教育厅2021年度科学研究经费面上项目“财政分权、行政分权与辽宁省空气污染治理,(项目号:LJKR0047)”;; 国家社会科学基金重大项目“人口增长趋势的经济社会影响及应对研究(项目号:22&ZD195)”;国家社会科学基金一般项目“人口老龄化对生育率的影响机理研究(项目号:22BRK013)”;; 国家自然科学基金面上项目“环境污染与公共健康:影响估计、成本核算及治理对策研究”(项目号:71773021);重点项目“中国国家治理与长期经济发展的历史数据构建及计量分析”(项目号:71933002);; 上海市教育委员会科研创新计划(项目号:2017-01-07-00-07-E00002);; 复旦大学“卓越2025”人才培育计划;; 复旦大学2018年、2019年和2020年理论经济学Ⅰ类高峰计划的资助
作者(Author): 李永涛,陈硕,彭耀辉
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- (1)一些理论文献认为地方政府在财政包干体制下有强激励推动经济发展以提高财政收入(Montinola et al.,1995;Weingast,1995;Xu,2011),随后相关实证分析也进一步验证了上述判断(Lin and Liu,2000;沈坤荣和付文林,2005;范子英和张军,2009等)。
- (2)关于这三个指标的讨论见陈硕和高琳(2012)的研究。
- (3)比如Wang(2015)检验了开发区政策对中国经济增长的影响;Li et al.(2016)探讨了省直管县政策对中国经济发展的影响。
- (4)2009年,国务院正式发布 《关于推进省直接管理县财政改革的意见》。
- (5)比如,某一个地级市涉及两个县在同一年进行扩权强县改革,则计算为一个地级市;同理,若一个省级政府涉及行政分权改革,则计算其辖区内有多少个地级市,比如海南,则计算为四个地级市。
- (6)行政分权改革数据编码主要来自中国各省官方公开文件。
- (7)采用空间接壤作为取样方法虽然可以通过地理上的接近保证样本的可比性,但空间上的接近也使得处理组和对照组在改革后可能存在相互干扰,即分权改革后资本、技术和人口等生产要素可能从未改革县流向改革县,这使得改革县的经济增长可能是以接壤县的“牺牲”为代价。此时估计得到的分权改革对经济增长的作用是存在高估的。在文章的稳健性检验部分中我们对该问题进行了解决。
- (8)在考察行政分权改革对县域经济增长的分析中,鉴于部分县数据缺失,本文使用了2000—2010年间非平衡面板数据。
- (9)这两个指标计算公式分别如下:财政自主度=县本级预算内财政收入÷县本级预算内财政总支出,财政分权支出指标=县本级预算内财政支出÷市本级预算内财政总支出,详见陈硕和高琳(2012)。
- (10)财政分权促进作用因指标存在较大差异,其主要原因在于指标间均值存在较大差异:财政自主度指标均值为0.415,支出指标均值为0.095。
- (11)需要注意的是其他省份在样本期间大多都只进行了一次扩权强县的改革。如果将浙江省和其他省份样本一起进行回归,则可能会干扰对行政分权作用的识别。因此在除表3的第6和第7列之外的回归中我们剔除了浙江省的样本。
- (12)在浙江省进行的五次“扩权强县”改革中,1997年的改革涉及的余杭市和萧山市于2001年撤市设区,2006年的改革只涉及义乌市一个地区,2008年的改革在地区间没有异质性,因此我们选择1992年和2002年两次改革进行研究。
- (13)由于浙江省1994年至2002年市级财政数据存在缺失,故财政分权使用了自由度指标。
- (14)与此类似,财政分权也可能会通过影响行政分权改革进而间接作用于经济增长。省级政府对于行政分权改革的实施范围以及改革内容的决策并不是随机的。财政分权会影响县级政府在收支划分、转移支付、年终结算等方面与省级财政的直接联系,扩大县域财政的自主权。在这种情况下,县级政府的财政分权程度也可能会影响行政分权改革的实施进而间接影响当地的经济增长。我们模仿行政分权贡献率的计算方法得到了财政分权改革对实际GDP的贡献率:在自主度框架下财政分权的贡献率为-0.63%-0.04%=-0.67%;在支出指标框架下为0.11%+0.03%=0.14%。综上所述,我们发现行政分权对样本期间实际GDP变化的贡献率大于财政分权。
- (15)若被解释变量和控制变量均取人均值重复进行回归分析,行政分权改革的作用仍然是正向显著的。
- (16)此外,我们也删除掉了少数民族自治县样本以克服不同文化对结果的影响,结果同样显示基准估计结果是稳健的。