邓明

• 1:厦门大学经济学院

摘要(Abstract)：

中国工业企业数据库提供的规模以上工业企业数据表明，地区层面的政府补贴强度与该地区的新企业数量之间存在负相关关系，这说明政府补贴在吸引企业进入上并不是有效的。为了解释这一现象，本文建立一个两地区的经济地理模型研究了地区层面的异质性生产率对政府补贴强度以及企业进入决策的影响。理论研究表明，相较于生产率低的地区，生产率较高地区的地方政府设定的补贴强度会更低，但企业进入数量会更多。基于1998—2013年的中国工业企业数据库以及与之相匹配的中国地级行政区层面数据，本文对理论研究结论进行了实证检验，发现企业生产率越高的地区，政府补贴强度确实越低，但企业进入数量反而更多。进一步研究表明，如果不控制地区层面生产率对企业进入的影响，政府补贴会抑制企业进入数量；但如果同时控制地区层面生产率和政府补贴对企业进入数量的影响，政府补贴对企业进入的作用不再显著。由此可见，以地区生产率为表征的市场力量这只无形之手，而非以政府补贴为表征的行政力量这只有形之手，才能吸引企业进入。

关键词(KeyWords)： 政府补贴;地区生产率;企业进入

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目“中间产品进口、技能偏向性技术进步与技能溢价”(项目编号:71973111)的资助

作者(Author): 邓明

DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2022.01.002

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• (1)例如2002年的企业所得税分享改革将企业所得税由地方税变成共享税,从而使得企业所得税的征税机关由地税部门转移到国税部门。
• (2)在找不到很好的工具变量时,用解释变量的滞后项直接进行回归比以解释变量的滞后项作为工具变量直接进行回归会更好(Bellemare et al.,2017;Wang and Bellemare,2019)。
• (3)例如,2000年,阜阳市管辖的涡阳县、蒙城县、利辛县由新设立的地级市亳州市管辖;2011年,将地级市巢湖市所辖的居巢区改设县级巢湖市、庐江县划归合肥市管辖,所辖的无为县划归芜湖市管辖、和县的沈巷镇划归芜湖市鸠江区管辖,所辖的含山县、和县(不含沈巷镇)划归马鞍山市管辖。尽管工业企业数据库中的企业地理信息可以追溯到县区级,但由于后文中需要的一些变量无法追溯到县区级,因此,我们将涉及地级行政区区划调整的地级市均予以剔除。
• (4)工业企业数据库报告了企业的实收资本以及注册类型,前者能够反映企业真实的控股类型,后者则为企业在工商登记时所注册的类型,用这两类指标识别企业所有制类别的结果存在较大差异。有相当一部分企业登记的注册类型是国有企业,但实则已不再是国有资本控股,所以很多研究按控股比例来判定该企业是否为国有企业。但是,在企业选址上,地方政府的国有资本很少跨区域去投资其他地区的企业,所以,只要注册类型为国有企业的,其选址就会收到地方政府的极大影响,因此,我们根据注册类型来识别国有企业。
• (5)2004年的工业企业数据库存在大量数据缺失,予以剔除。
• (6)对于缺失注册地的企业,我们也采取类似的方法进行填充,如果该填充办法依然不能识别出企业注册地,则将该企业从样本中剔除。
• (7)根据集聚租理论,借助经济集聚力,地方政府可以对企业征收较高税率也不担心企业迁移到其他地区,也就是说集聚经济会影响企业征税,而政府补贴是政府通过税收行为吸引要素流入的一个补充,因此,经济集聚可能会影响地方政府的补贴强度(苑德宇等,2018)。但是,考虑到经济集聚与生产率之间的高度相关性(范剑勇等,2014),我们在控制地区生产率的前提下没有再控制地区层面的经济集聚。
• (8)虽然地区层面的企业进入数量、生产率以及政府补贴都是从整个地级行政区测算的,但由于市辖区的公路密度远高于地级行政区的其他地方,因此人均道路面积的计算使用的是市辖区数据。
• (9)经济集聚而产生的外部性是企业区位选择时的重要影响因素之一,大量文献考察了集聚经济对企业区位选择的影响(Figueiredo et al.,2002;Holl,2004);同样,考虑到经济集聚与生产率之间的高度相关性,我们在控制地区生产率的前提下没有再控制集聚经济。
• (10)徐保昌和谢建国(2015)认为政府补贴不利于企业全要素生产率的提升,蒋为和张龙鹏(2015)同样认为补贴差异化是导致中国制造业生产率分布的离散与资源误置的重要原因;邵敏和包群(2012)、金晓雨(2018)等人的研究认为经济集聚影响了全要素生产率,但他们的结论并不一致,而且认为这种作用是非线性。我们的结果则表明,补贴对企业生产率的作用是不显著的。
• (11)需要注意的是,由于变量之间的相关关系,即使引入的变量最终并不显著,但也可能会对拟合度有所改进。所以,优势度分析只是起比较作用。
• (12)中国正式加入世界贸易组织的时间是2001年12月11日。
• (13)数据来源:中国市场化指数数据库,https://cmi.ssap.com.cn/。