货币政策不确定性、纵向产业结构与杠杆率分化Monetary Policy Uncertainty, Vertical Structure of Industries and Divergence of Leverage Ratio
张杰,庞瑞芝
摘要(Abstract):
在政府不断推进去杠杆的进程中,中国经济出现了国企与非国企杠杆率分化的现象,国企杠杆率降幅显著低于非国企。本文构建融合纵向产业结构与货币政策不确定性的DSGE模型架构来探讨中国国企与非国企杠杆率结构性分化的成因。主要结论为:(1)货币政策不确定性冲击是导致中国企业杠杆率结构性分化的重要原因;(2)中国特殊的纵向产业结构以及政府隐性担保能够放大货币政策不确定性冲击对企业杠杆率的影响,产业关联程度越低或者政府隐形担保比例越高挤出非国企融资,导致非国企杠杆率显著下降;(3)预期管理能够通过合理引导企业对货币政策的预期来抑制货币政策不确定性对企业杠杆率的影响。在理清中国企业杠杆率结构性分化成因的基础上,本文提出如下政策建议:在去杠杆过程中应当注重硬化国企的预算约束;保持货币政策的连续性;纠正银行信贷配置的所有制偏好;加强央行沟通,以便于管理企业对货币政策的预期等。
关键词(KeyWords): 货币政策不确定性;纵向产业结构;杠杆率分化;动态随机一般均衡模型
基金项目(Foundation): 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“信贷市场扭曲与全要素生产率——基于信贷资金搜寻匹配的动态模型研究”(21YJC790159)的资助
作者(Author): 张杰,庞瑞芝
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20221012.001
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- ① 本文所探讨的企业杠杆水平指的是企业微观杠杆率,利用企业资产负债率加以表征。
- (1)本文非金融企业宏观杠杆率数据来自于BIS数据库。
- (2)由于在传统的DSGE模型架构中,资本品生产部门与零售商的建模过程较为常见,于是两部门的建模与参数估计结果备索。
- (3)具体估计过程请参考Jurado et al.(2015),这里不再赘述。本文使用与货币政策相关的16个变量,与宏观经济相关的23个变量;本文只用与货币政策相关的16个变量测算货币政策不确定性,将与宏观经济相关的23个变量作为信息集变量。详细的变量选择见附录。所有变量对应的数据均为月度数据,时间跨度为2001年1月至2021年12月,数据来源于中经网、CEIC数据库以及CCER经济金融数据库。
- (4)本文估算了提前三个月的货币政策不确定性指数,对应的时间跨度为2001年6月至2021年12月。进一步,本文将每三个月的月度指数求取平均值得到货币政策不确定性季度值,如图1所示。
- (5)利用2001年6月至2021年12月CPI同比指数与2001年6月至2021年12月CPI环比指数计算以2001年6月为基期的基准CPI指数,基期CPI指数为100,基准季度CPI指数为该季度3个月基准CPI指数的均值。
- (6)利用企业资产负债表中所有者权益合计值与资产总计值比值的季度均值来表征资产与资本比值的目标值。数据来源为CCER一般企业财务季度数据库,时间跨度为2001年至2021年。
- (7)限于篇幅,本文待估参数的贝叶斯估计结果的后验分布的95%置信区间不再给出
- (8)基于表1的估计结果,本文发现ρMone与σMone1不为零,可见货币政策不确定性持续存在。
- (9)为模拟货币政策不确定性冲击,本文需要对模型进行三阶泰勒近似;在数值模拟过程中,高阶项会导致变量的脉冲响应出现发散,进而需要对脉冲响应进行剪枝处理,具体方法请参考Andreasen et al.(2017)。
- (10)将预期管理政策引入基准模型后,本文重新进行贝叶斯估计。限于篇幅,估计结果与对应的质量检测不再列出,备索。