杨筠,张苏,宁向东

• 1:清华大学经济管理学院创新创业与战略系
• 2:中央财经大学经济学院

摘要(Abstract)：

随着预期寿命增加和教育水平的提升,老年劳动者成为劳动力市场的重要组成部分,再就业被越来越多的国家重视和研究。再就业反映了劳动者的主观决策,研究再就业对于设计更优的退休制度具有重要意义。CHARLS数据显示,现阶段我国退休者的再就业率为32.18%,并且个体受教育水平和再就业率呈正"U"型,低等学历者和高等学历者的再就业率最高,分别为36.33%和33.33%,而中等学历的再就业率最低,不到30%。在考虑了个体因素、家庭因素等控制变量后,上述关系更为显著。在经过稳健性检验后这一结果依然成立。其背后的机制是,教育水平较低的退休者由于收入水平较低,需要延长劳动时间获得收入,我们称之为"收入补偿"型再就业;教育水平较高的退休者收入水平更高但工作年限较短,需要延长劳动时间以弥补教育投资,我们称之为"教育补偿"型再就业。前者具有"被动性",后者具有"主动性"并在一定程度上有马斯洛的"自我实现"的意义。我们的研究对于退休制度改革有一定的启发意义。

关键词(KeyWords)： 受教育水平;再就业;收入补偿;教育补偿

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 杨筠,张苏,宁向东

DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2018.03.008

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• (1)现下我国的法定退休年龄(男职工60岁,女干部55岁,女工人50岁,特殊情况除外)是1978年全国人民代表大会常委会第二次会议批准确立的,为使得数据更具有可比性,我们剔除了1978年及以前退休的个体。
• (1)东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、广西、海南;中部地区包括山西、内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、湖北、河南、湖南;西部地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。
• (1)样本中具有本科以上学历的仅有3人,均为研究生学历,因此并未单独列为一组。
• (1)由于此处并没有考虑通货膨胀因素,故统计并非具有完全的可比性,但仍可以反映出一些规律,稍后我们会进行更为严谨的回归分析。
• (1)本文将退休前在政府、事业单位、国有企业、集体企业供职的个体定义为体制内退休者。
• (2)除“受教育水平”和被解释变量外,其他变量的稳健性检验结果均未汇报,有意者可向作者索取。
• (1)事实上我们认为这就是样本的实际情况。个体当然可以通过调整受教育年限来调整人力资本投资收益,但这往往针对本科及以上的情况。在本文的样本中,观测者平均年龄在60岁左右,平均教育年限为8.8年,在这样的背景下,教育投资往往不是个体的自主选择而更多是家庭、环境、制度的选择。而且随着参与劳动的时间越长,劳动者要返回学校教育的难度就越大,因此我们并没有考虑个人对教育投资的自主选择。