数字经济时代标准就业与非标准就业健康差异的实证研究——基于环境污染的视角An Empirical Study on the Health Difference between Standard Employment and Non-standard Employment in the Era of Digital Economy——Based on the Perspective of Environmental Pollution
丁述磊,刘翠花
摘要(Abstract)：
数字经济时代，非标准就业在全球劳动力市场中盛行。文章利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据，从理论和实证层面分析了环境污染对标准就业与非标准就业健康差异的影响、机制及区域和年份异质性。研究发现：环境污染显著降低了个体健康状况改善的概率，与标准就业相比，环境污染对非标准就业健康损害风险更大。健康差异分解结果表明，标准就业健康状况优于非标准就业，两群体健康差异主要是由可观测的特征差异造成的，其中，环境污染显著扩大了健康差异，对健康差异贡献度为7.87%。健康差异的污染分化机制分析表明，个体收入增长对环境污染的健康损害风险存在正向调整机制，收入增长会抵消环境污染造成的健康恶化，然而超时工作会加重环境污染的健康损害风险。异质性回归结果显示，环境污染的健康损害风险呈现由西向东逐渐加强趋势，且环境污染对健康差异贡献度越来越大，而随年份增加有减弱趋势。
关键词(KeyWords)： 数字经济;标准就业;非标准就业;环境污染;健康差异
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金项目“数字经济驱动更加充分更高质量就业的影响机理与政策研究(21CJY017)”“数字经济发展对就业总量、结构及质量的影响与提升机制研究(20CJY015)”“就业优先、稳定和扩大就业的推动机制与政策研究(21ZDA099)”的支持
作者(Author): 丁述磊,刘翠花
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20220719.001
参考文献(References)：
- 储德银，何鹏飞，梁若冰.2017.主观空气污染与居民幸福感——基于断点回归设计下的微观数据验证[J].经济学动态，(2):88-101.Chu D Y,He P F,Liang R B.2017.Subjective air pollution and residents' well-being—Micro data verification based on breakpoint regression design[J].Economic Perspectives,(2):88-101.(in Chinese)
- 董保华.2008.论非标准劳动关系[J].学术研究，(7):50-57.Dong B H.2008.On non-standard labor relations[J].Academic Research,(7):50-57.(in Chinese)
- 李梦洁，杜威剑.2018.空气污染对居民健康的影响及群体差异研究——基于CFPS(2012)微观调查数据的经验分析[J].经济评论，(3):142-154.Li M J,Du W J.2018.Effects of air pollution on residents' health and group differences:An empirical analysis based on CFPS(2012) micro-survey data[J].Economic Review,(3):142-154.(in Chinese)
- 刘倩，曲广波，陆达伟.2021.我国环境污染与健康基础研究的若干新需求[J].中国科学院院刊，36(5):614-621.Liu Q,Qu G B,Lu D W.2021.New demands in basic research on environmental pollution and health in China[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,36(5):614-621.(in Chinese)
- 祁毓，卢洪友.2015.污染、健康与不平等——跨越“环境健康贫困”陷阱[J].管理世界，(9):32-51.Qi Y,Lu H Y.2015.Pollution,health and inequality—Crossing the trap of “environmental health poverty”[J].Journal of Management World,(9):32-51.(in Chinese)
- 戚聿东，刘翠花.2021.数字经济背景下流动人口工时健康差异问题研究[J].中国人口科学，(1):50-63.Qi Y D,Liu C H.2021.Study on the health difference of working hours of the floating population in digital economy[J].Chinese Journal of Population Science,(1):50-63.(in Chinese)
- 钱叶芳.2011.非标准就业的经济分析与法律调整[J].法学，(3):96-107.Qian Y F.2011.Economic analysis and legal adjustment of non-standard employment[J].Law Science,(3):96-107.(in Chinese)
- 孙猛，芦晓珊.2019.空气污染、社会经济地位与居民健康不平等——基于CGSS的微观证据[J].人口学刊，41(6):103-112.Sun M,Lu X S.2019.Air pollution,SES and residents' health inequality—Micro evidence based on CGSS[J].Population Journal,41(6):103-112.(in Chinese)
- 孙中伟，张莉，张晓莹.2018.工作环境污染、超时加班与外来工的精神健康——基于“二次打击”的理论视角[J].人口与发展，24(5):14-23.Sun Z W,Zhang L,Zhang X Y.2018.Workplace pollution,working overtime and mental health of migrant workers—Based on the theory of two-hit[J].Population and Development,24(5):14-23.(in Chinese)
- 王永洁.2018.国际视野中的非标准就业与中国背景下的解读——兼论中国非标准就业的规模与特征[J].劳动经济研究，6(6):95-115.Wang Y J.2018.Non-standard employment in the international perspective and China's interpretation:Scale and characteristics of non-standard employment in China[J].Studies in Labor Economics,6(6):95-115.(in Chinese)
- 王永洁.2021.非标准就业视角下的平台就业研究——基于网约车驾驶员从业状况调查数据的分析[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),21(6):23-34.Wang Y J.2021.Studies on platform work from the perspective of non-standard employment—Evidence from investigation on platform employment of e-hailing drivers[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition),21(6):23-34.(in Chinese)
- Chen H,Kwong J C,Copes R,et al.2017.Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia,Parkinson's disease,and multiple sclerosis:A population-based cohort study[J].The Lancet,389(10070):718-726.
- Ebenstein A.2012.The consequences of industrialization:evidence from water pollution and digestive cancers in China[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,94(1):186-201.
- Fairlie R W.2005.An extension of the blinder-oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models[J].Journal of Economic and Social Measurement,30(4):305-316.
- Feigenson K A,Kusnecov A W,Silverstein S M.2014.Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia[J].Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,38:72-93.
- Grossman M.1972.On the concept of health capital and the demand for health[J].Journal of Political Economy,80(2):223-255.
- Hammer M S,Swinburn T K,Neitzel R L.2014.Environmental noise pollution in the United States:Developing an effective public health response[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,122(2):115-119.
- ILO.1972.Employment,incomes and equality:A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya[R].Geneva:International Labour Office.
- ILO.2003.Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment[R].Geneva:International Labour Office.
- ILO.2009.A survey of country employment and social protection policy responses to the global economic crisis[R].Geneva:International Labour Office.
- ILO.2016.Non-standard employment around the world:Understanding challenges,shaping prospects[R].Geneva:International Labour Office.
- Jonsson R,Dellve L,Haller?d B.2019.Work despite poor health?A 14-year follow-up of how individual work accommodations are extending the time to retirement for workers with poor health conditions[J].SSM-Population Health,9:100514.
- Knudson A G Jr.1971.Mutation and cancer:Statistical study of retinoblastoma[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,68(4):820-823.
- Liao P S,Shaw D,Lin Y M.2015.Environmental quality and life satisfaction:Subjective versus objective measures of air quality[J].Social Indicators Research,124(2):599-616.
- Lobel O.2016.The law of the platform[J].Minnesota Law Review,101(1):87-166.
- Nawakitphaitoon K,Tang C.2021.Nonstandard employment and job satisfaction across time in China:Evidence from the Chinese general social survey (2006—2012)[J].Work,Employment and Society,35(3):411-431.
- Oaxaca R L,Ransom M R.1994.On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials[J].Journal of Econometrics,61(1):5-21.
- Okamoto S.2019.Hours of work and health in Japan[J].Annals of Epidemiology,33:64-71.
- Rappaport S M,Smith M T.2010.Environment and disease risks[J].Science,330(6003):460-461.
- Sato T,Kuroda S,Owan H.2020.Mental health effects of long work hours,night and weekend work,and short rest periods[J].Social Science & Medicine,246:112774.
- Yang J,Zhang B.2018.Air pollution and healthcare expenditure:Implication for the benefit of air pollution control in China[J].Environment International,120:443-455.
- Zhang S W,Sun K X,Zheng R S,et al.2021.Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2015[J].Journal of the National Cancer Center,1(1):2-11.
- Zhou M G,Wang H D,Zeng X Y,et al.2019.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990—2017:A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017[J].The Lancet,394(10204):1145-1158.