国内矛盾与贸易保护主义:基于推特文本的实证研究Domestic Conflicts and Trade Protectionism:Evidence from Tweets
郎昆,李新成,冯明
摘要(Abstract):
已有经济学和政治学文献指出非贸易因素可能导致贸易保护主义,然而由于各国政治决策过程不透明、数据难以获取、民众对不同政策的反馈难以观测等原因,文献中对该机制的研究长期以来存在不足,尤其是缺乏可靠的量化实证研究作为支持。本文在运用机器学习方法对特朗普在社交平台“推特”上发布的30902条推文进行数据挖掘的基础上,以特朗普对华贸易保护主义言论及民意反馈为典型研究对象实证检验了美国国内矛盾对近年来美国贸易保护主义抬头的影响,为“国内矛盾论”理论假说提供了新的实证证据。研究发现,样本期内,民调反对率、股市恐慌指数等反映美国国内矛盾的非贸易因素对特朗普发表对华贸易保护主义言论具有显著影响;相反,贸易因素的影响并不显著。且在中美两国签订第一阶段经贸协议之后,美国国内矛盾对特朗普对华贸易保护主义言论的影响机制并未发生根本改变。研究还发现,特朗普在社交平台上发表对华强硬的言论能够获得更高的民意支持。本文的结论表明,当美国国内社会经济出现治理危机时,特朗普为了转移国内矛盾、博取选民支持,更倾向于发表强硬的对华贸易保护主义言论。一个直接的推论是受国内政治经济矛盾未来一段时期持续存在的影响,美国针对中国的贸易保护主义政策很可能会继续存在。因此,中国经济必须加快构建双循环新发展格局。
关键词(KeyWords): 贸易保护主义;文本分析;国内矛盾;经贸摩擦
基金项目(Foundation): 中国社会科学院创新工程项目“宏观政策与评价研究”的支持
作者(Author): 郎昆,李新成,冯明
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2022.01.001
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- (1)与此相对地,Helpman and Itskhoki(2010)、Oslington(2005)等文献则指出贸易自由化将增加一国失业,由此看来,对于美国国内失业率上升是否是由于中国的贸易冲击这一问题仍存在争论。
- (1)在全部的5700条数据中,与中国直接相关的有123条,主要的关键词包括China; Xi Jinping;President Xi; Chinese; Beijing; Hong Kong; Taiwan; Huawei; Tik Tok; ZTE; WeC hat; P.R等。
- (2)在全部的5700条数据中,国内政治类标记为1,共有2278条,包含中央和地方竞选、两党政治、竞选口号、人事任命等;危机应对类标记为2,共有625条,包含新冠疫情、弗洛伊德抗议、总统弹劾等;新闻媒体类标记为3,共有667条,包含新闻报道、电视节目、书籍出版等;经济贸易类标记为4,共有697条,包含国际经贸谈判,国内就业、股市、民生、医疗、教育、救灾等;安全外交类标记为5,共有806条,包含军事、边境、移民、网络安全、恐怖组织、枪击案、毒品、警察、北约、朝鲜、外交、全球治理等;其他类标记为6,共有613条,包含体育、娱乐、科技、节日庆祝、自由、民主、人权、宪法、宗教、种族、环保、个人生活等;另有14 条推文主题无法识别,故不进行标记。
- (1)例如,特朗普于2017年7月29日发表的一条内容为“I am very disappointed in China. Our foolish past leaders have allowed them to make hundreds of billions of dollars a year in trade yet...”的推特文本,情绪指数被赋值为-0.613。作为对照,特朗普发表于2017年10月15日的内容为“Spoke to President Xi of China to congratulate him on his extraordinary elevation. Also discussed NoK o&trade two very important subjects!”的推特文本则被赋值为0.492。
- (1)一条推文被认定为“有关中国经贸主题的负面推文”(ChinaNegTrade=1)当且仅当其同时满足以下三个条件:(1)内容和中国相关(china=1);(2)主题有关于经济贸易(theme=4);(3)情绪指数为负面(textblob_score≤0)。
- (1)由于模型(2)进行了对数线性化处理,被解释变量取了对数,解释变量为虚拟变量,因此在解释影响幅度时对回归系数进行了指数换算,exp(0.102)-1=0.107,其他类似。
- (1)5月28日明尼苏达州因“弗洛伊德事件”而爆发示威骚乱,该推文为美国时间29日早上特朗普睡醒后所发,被媒体认为是特朗普炒作中国议题,“甩锅”疫情责任的举动。