老龄化趋势下年龄依赖型要素对比较优势的影响——来自中国的经验研究The Effect of Age-dependent Skills on Comparative Advantages under Aging Trend:the Case of China
武康平,张永亮
摘要(Abstract):
细分要素结构上的差异已日益成为解释比较优势来源的重要渠道。本文从包含"增龄过程"的广义人口老龄化角度,借鉴Cai and Stoyanov(2016)的研究方法,对年龄依赖型要素对比较优势的影响,提供来自中国的经验证据。结果发现:劳动者同时具备年龄升值型和贬值型两种不同的年龄依赖型要素时,各行业生产中存在生产率效应和技能选择效应之间的权衡取舍,进而出现劳动者就业时的群分型选择,最终使得在一国人口老龄化水平的不同发展阶段,两种年龄依赖型要素对出口额的影响方向甚至可以出现逆转。这些都说明了人口年龄结构同样是构成比较优势、影响贸易模式的重要因素。
关键词(KeyWords): 人口老龄化;年龄依赖型要素;比较优势
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 武康平,张永亮
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2018.02.003
参考文献(References):
- 李德煌,夏恩君.2013.人力资本对中国经济增长的影响——基于扩展Solow模型的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,23(8):100-106.
- 李可爱.2013.劳动技能分布对国家比较优势的影响[D].天津:南开大学.
- 罗淳.2001.对“人口老龄化”之说的几点质疑[J].人口研究,25(6):16-21.
- 孙一菡,谢建国,熊永莲.2017.劳动力老龄化、教育水平与地区全要素生产率[J].中国经济问题,(3):3-16.
- 王有鑫,赵雅婧.2013.劳动力年龄分布、老龄化趋势与出口比较优势[J].西北人口,(6):64-69.
- 姚洋,余淼杰.2009.劳动力、人口和中国出口导向的增长模式[J].金融研究,(9):1-13.
- 陆铭,张爽.2007.“人以群分”:非市场互动和群分效应的文献评论[J].经济学(季刊),6(3):991-1020.
- 曾毅.2001.中国人口老龄化的“二高三大”特征及对策探讨[J].人口与经济,(5):3-9.
- 周洋,刘雪瑾.2017.认知能力与家庭创业——基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据的实证分析[J].经济学动态,(2):66-75.
- Asuyama Y.2012.Skill distribution and comparative advantage:a comparison of China and India[J].World Development,40(5):956-969.
- Banks J,Mazzonna F.2012.The effect of education on old age cognitive abilities:evidence from a regression discontinuity design[J].The Economic Journal,122(560):418-448.
- Bombardini M,Gallipoli G,Pupato G.2012.Skill dispersion and trade flows[J].The American Economic Review,102(5):2327-2348.
- Cai J,Stoyanov A.2016.Population aging and comparative advantage[J].Journal of International Economics,102:1-21.
- Capatina E.2014.Skills and the evolution of wage inequality[J].Labour Economics,28:41-57.
- Castello A,Domenech R.2002.Human capital inequality and economic growth:some new evidence[J].The Economic Journal,112(478):C187-C200.
- Chang P L,Huang F L.2010.Trade and divergence in education systems[R].Working Papers,Singapore Management University,School of Economics.
- Chinn M D,Prasad E S.2003.Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries:an empirical exploration[J].Journal of International Economics,59(1):47-76.
- Chor D.2010.Unpacking sources of comparative advantage:aquantitative approach[J].Journal of International Economics,82(2):152-167.
- Christelis D,Jappelli T,Padula M.2010.Cognitive abilities and portfolio choice[J].European Economic Review,54(1):18-38.
- Eaton J,Kortum S.2002.Technology,geography,and trade[J].Econometrica,70(5):1741-1779.
- Feenstra R C,Romalis J,Schott P K.2002.U.S.imports,exports and tariff data,1989-2001[R].Technical Report.
- Glymour M M,Kawachi I,Jencks C S,et al.2008.Does childhood schooling affect old age memory or mental status?using state schooling laws as natural experiments[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,62(6):532-537.
- Grossman G M,Maggi G.2000.Diversity and trade[J].American Economic Review,90(5):1255-1275.
- Grossman G M.2004.The distribution of talent and the pattern and consequences of international trade[J].Journal of Political Economy,112(1):209-239.
- Heckman J J,Sedlacek G.1985.Heterogeneity,aggregation,and market wage functions:an empirical model of self-selection in the labor market[J].Journal of Political Economy,93(6):1077-1125.
- Kim S,Lee J W.2008.Demographic changes,saving,and current account:an analysis of panel VAR model[J].Japan and the World Economy,20(2):236-256.
- Kiyota K.2013.Skills and changing comparative advantage:the case of Japan[J].Japan and the World Economy,28:33-40.
- Ohnsorge F,Trefler D.2007.Sorting it out:international trade with heterogeneous workers[J].Journal of Political Economy,115(5):868-892.
- Roy A D.1950.The distribution of earnings and of individual output[J].The Economic Journal,60(239):489-505.
- Roy A D.1951.Some thoughts on the distribution of earnings[J].Oxford Economics Papers,3(2):135-146.
- Schaie K W.2005.Developmental influences on adult intelligence:the seattle longitudinal study[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
- Stern P C,Carstensen L L.2000.The aging mind:opportunities in cognitive research[M].Washington,DC:The National Academies Press.
- Wolff E N.2003.Skills and changing comparative advantage[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,85(1):77-93.
- (1)文献中“sorting”指均衡结果是类型相似或相同的人聚集在一起,而不同类型的人隔离的状态。我们主要遵从陆铭和张爽(2007)的提法,将其翻译为“群分”,取“人以群分”之意。
- (1)例如,密集使用年龄升值型技能的行业中年龄升值型要素存在正向的生产率效应,密集使用年龄贬值型技能的行业中,年龄贬值型技能发挥正向的生产率效应。
- (2)具体理论基础可参考附录1。
- (1)由于部分变量不涵盖全部年份,因此在下一部分具体回归中进行相应调整并说明,例如包含PSC、FSD、GE、RQ和RL的样本为711246个。
- (1)对于年龄依赖型要素密集度的内生性问题,Cai and Stoyanov(2016)研究中分别利用了1980年、1990年和2000年普查数据中的各行业中职业组成作为年龄依赖型要素密集度的三个工具变量,一方面十分遗憾的是,本文样本中1990—2010年历年的这一数据难以获得,另一方面Cai and Stoyanov(2016)指出当用2000年数据做工具变量的回归结果与基准回归结果很相近,也为基准回归的可靠性提供了佐证。感谢审稿老师提出的宝贵意见。
- (2)WGI数据库:http://www.govindicators.org/。