市场机制、社会资本与共同富裕——基于中国多维减贫政策目标的视角Market Mechanism, Social Capital and Common Prosperity——From the Perspective of China's Multi-dimensional Poverty Governance
尹俊,孙博文,陈强远,陈心想
摘要(Abstract):
党的十八大以来,中国开展的精准扶贫使得农村的多维贫困程度显著下降,继续改善农村多维贫困是新时期扎实推动共同富裕的重要环节和必要手段。本文在多维减贫政策目标下,考察了市场机制与社会资本的多维减贫效应及两者作用的关系。基于2014、2016及2018年北京大学中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),采用内生Probit模型进行了实证分析。研究发现:以农地流转市场化为代表的市场机制与农村社会资本都表现出显著的多维减贫效应。进一步分析两者作用的关系发现,市场机制对社会资本的多维减贫效应具有显著替代作用,农地流转市场化水平越高,社会资本的多维减贫效应更弱,更具体地表现为对集体社会资本而非个体社会资本的替代效应。随着市场化转型的推进,集体社会资本的作用被弱化了,市场机制发挥着更为关键的多维减贫效应。异质性分析中,与区域市场化水平较低地区以及农地转入样本相比,区域市场化水平较高地区以及农地转出样本中市场机制对集体社会资本的替代作用更强。机制检验发现,市场机制和个体社会资本对各维度贫困都有一定的缓解作用,市场机制对集体社会资本的替代作用也较为稳健,但对个体社会资本的替代和互补作用在不同减贫渠道中均有体现。针对研究结论,本文提出了推动农地流转市场化、培育农村社会资本以及健全多维减贫机制的对策建议。
关键词(KeyWords): 共同富裕;多维减贫;市场机制;社会资本
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重大项目“习近平总书记关于贫困治理的思想和实践研究”(19ZDA002);; 国家社科基金一般项目“中国特色社会学学术体系和话语体系研究”(19BSH002)的资助
作者(Author): 尹俊,孙博文,陈强远,陈心想
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20230320.002
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- (1)多维贫困评价指标体系的权重赋值方法较多,应用较多的权重赋值方法包括等权赋值法、BP神经网络法、主成分分析法等。采用当前国内外普遍认可的维度与指标等权重法,即在维度等权重的条件下,再在各维度下给予每个指标相同的权重。更重要的是,这种等权重方法权衡了各指标对家庭资产贫困贡献度大小,确保不同年度数据结果连续可比性。
- (2)具体方法思路是,首先构建剥夺矩阵h,其矩阵的基本元素取值为:若yij
- (3)中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)仅涉及农地流转市场中的普通农户,没有涉及家庭农场、合作社以及企业等其他农地流转主体。农户是唯一的农地流入主体,农户可能从其他农户、家庭农场、合作社等流入农地。农户也是唯一农地流出主体,农户可能将农地流向其他农户、合作社或者家庭农场等。
- (4)有学者指出,农地流转中的农地转入租金能够较好地反映家户层面的农地流转市场化程度。主要是因为,土地转入户被视为市场的主动行动者,转入户一般会根据需求而寻找合适的土地,并且大多不会专门寻求交易对象(仇童伟等,2019),本文由于无法识别土地租金支出的家户分布,则选择家户租金收入进行测算。
- (5)CFPS问卷中涉及的问题是:您的受教育程度:1.文盲/半文盲;2.小学;3.初中;4.高中;5.大专;6.大学本科;7.硕士;8.博士。按照受教育年限法将教育水平划分为五个等级:A.文盲、半文盲人口,定义该人群的受教育年限为3年;B.小学,定义该人群受教育年限为6年;C.初中,定义该人群受教育年限为9年;D.高中(包括普通高中、中专、职高等),定义该人群受教育年限为12年;E.大专及以上,由于实际调研过程中,该类人群几乎为0,因此定义该人群受教育年限为15年。
- (6)CFPS问卷中的问题是:您的婚姻状况 1.未婚;2.在婚(有配偶);3.同居;4.离婚;5.丧偶,将1,4,5视为独居,其他视为非独居。
- (7)限于篇幅,稳健性检验中,列(1)、列(4)和列(5)仅报告了市场机制Ⅰ有关结果,市场机制Ⅱ的结论同样稳健。
- (8)限于篇幅,仅报告了市场机制Ⅰ有关结果,市场机制Ⅱ的结论稳健。