颜杰,杜艳,周茂

• 1:西南财经大学国际商学院
• 2:西南财经大学财政税务学院
• 3:成都融入双循环发展新格局研究中心

摘要(Abstract)：

在实现产业价值链升级的政策目标及服务外包已成为全球制造业发展重要趋势的现实背景下，探讨服务外包如何促进我国制造业实现价值链位置攀升具有重要意义。本文基于1995—2018年最新的区域间投入产出表(OECD-ICIO),系统考察离岸和在岸服务外包对一国制造业价值链位置提升的影响效应及机制，并进一步选取中国样本进行比较分析。研究发现：(1)服务外包有利于一国制造业在产业链上所处相对环节向下游移动，且离岸服务外包在推动全球价值链嵌入位置提升中发挥更重要的作用。(2)机制分析来看，服务外包通过替代货物中间品进口、减少中间品跨境购买数量以及提高生产率尤其是劳动生产率三类渠道，推动一国价值链环节向下游移动，还通过总部经济和吸收能力大大加强了在岸服务外包对价值链嵌入位置的影响程度。(3)异质性分析表明，服务外包对制造业嵌入位置变动的影响随时间推移和收入水平降低而逐渐弱化，且对于不同技术行业和服务类型具有差异影响。(4)进一步采用中国样本拓展分析发现，结果与跨国数据总体一致，中国制造业发展离岸外包与在岸外包同样会降低制造业行业上游度，进而推动全球价值链嵌入位置提升，并且离岸外包相对在岸外包效应更大。本研究在发展贸易新业态新模式下能够为我国借助大力发展服务外包产业促进制造业价值链升级等方面提供理论和经验借鉴。

关键词(KeyWords)： 服务外包;制造业价值链升级;上游度

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金青年项目“多维度贸易便利化对出口企业去库存及其生产效率的影响研究(批准号72003151)”“中国企业对外直接投资模式的生产率自选择效应研究(批准号71703130)”;国家自然科学基金面上项目“贸易政策不确定性与我国劳动收入份额:因果效应、机制及对策研究(批准号72173100)”;; 国家社会科学基金重大项目“完善自由贸易试验区布局研究(批准号21ZDA093)”;; 四川省科技厅软科学项目“成渝地区双城经济圈建设背景下推进四川制造业价值链升级研究(批准号2022JDR0227)”“自贸试验区制度创新推进四川贸易高质量发展研究(批准号2021JDR0133)”;; 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“全球产业链重构背景下中国应对全球经济治理体系变革战略路径研究(批准号JBK2212019)”;; 中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项资金西南财经大学应用经济学重大攻关项目“一带一路建设与区域协同发展问题研究”的资助

作者(Author): 颜杰,杜艳,周茂

DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2022.03.004

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• (1)数据来源:作者根据经济合作与发展组织(OECD)提供的收支平衡表数据整理计算。
• (2)数据来源:中国商务部《中国服务外包发展报告2020》。
• (3)根据中国服务外包研究中心定义,制造服务外包是指将制造企业最初完成的服务过程委托给外部服务提供者的经济活动。因此,服务外包是以人才和知识为核心的现代高端服务业,其实质是在国际分工体系下,企事业单位根据自身需要整合和利用外部资源的产业组织形式。
• (4)等式右侧每一项前乘的1、2、3、4等代表权重,表示距最终产品的“距离”,每增加一个环节则代表其距最终产品的距离增加1,进行加1处理可以避免出现0值的情况。
• (5)OECD(2021),OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database,http://oe.cd/icio。
• (6)包括38个OECD成员、28个非OECD经济体,以及1个世界其余地区(Rest of World,ROW)。
• (7)其中,每个国家(地区)细分为45个行业部门,包括5个初级产品部门(农业和采矿业)、17个制造业,以及23个服务业。
• (8)该数据库按照各种产品分类、产品细节、年份及贸易流量查询各国之间的双边贸易,也包含关税和非关税措施。
• (9)其中,17个制造业行业名称分别为:D10T12,食品、饮料和烟草制品的制造;D13T15,纺织品、服装、皮革和相关产品的制造;D16,木材、木材制品及软木制品的制造(家具除外)、草编制品及编织材料物品的制造;D17T18,纸和纸制品的制造;记录媒介物的印刷及复制;D19,焦炭和精炼石油产品的制造;D20,化学品及化学制品的制造;D21,基本医药产品和医药制剂的制造;D22,橡胶和塑料制品的制造;D23,其他非金属矿物制品的制造;D24,基本金属的制造;D25,金属制品的制造,但机械设备除外;D26,计算机、电子产品和光学产品的制造;D27,电力设备的制造;D28,未另分类的机械和设备的制造;D29,汽车、挂车和半挂车的制造;D30,其他运输设备的制造;D31T33,家具的制造;其他制造业;机械和设备的修理和安装。
• (10)图中选取了按照2018年出口额排序前五位的国家,以及韩国、印度和墨西哥分别作为新兴工业化国家、发展中国家和加工贸易主导型国家的代表。
• (11)根据Dietzenbacher and Romero(2007)对APL的拓展研究,APL是指最终产品部门j对部门i在生产1单位产生影响所要经历的平均阶段数。
• (12)数据来源于CEPII-BACI数据库,其中贸易金额单位为按当前价计算的千美元,贸易数量单位为公吨。本部分识别中间品的方法主要基于BEC分类法。首先,将代码为111、121、21、22、31、322、42、53的国际贸易产品定义为中间品。其次,使用HS92版本的HS6位码与BEC分类的对照码,对CEPII-BACI贸易数据库的HS6位商品贸易进行整理,得到每个HS6商品对应为一种中间品的进口贸易状况。然后,利用WITS和联合国经济统计分类标准提供的对照表,将HS6位码与ISIC Rev3行业进行匹配,再将ISIC Rev3行业与ISIC Rev4行业进行匹配,从而实现HS6位码与ISIC Rev4行业的匹配。最后,按照国家行业维度将数据加总得到ISIC Rev4二位码行业的中间品进口贸易额和中间品进口贸易数量。