穷且益坚:童年农村经历会提高非认知能力吗Poor but Stronger: The Impact of Childhood Rural Experience on Non-cognitive Skills
晏正伟,李兵,刘悦茹
摘要(Abstract):
非认知能力是重要的人力资本,许多研究考察了早期经历对非认知能力的影响,但是缺乏基于童年农村经历视角的研究。本文使用2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),考察了童年农村经历对非认知能力的影响。基准结果表明,对于有过童年农村经历的群体,其非认知能力会比其他群体高0.098个标准差,且使用处理效应模型和倾向匹配得分等方法缓解内生性问题之后,结论保持一致。考虑到非认知能力可能存在测量误差问题,本文使用控制点等方式来度量非认知能力,结论依然稳健。进一步分析发现,童年农村经历能够提高非认知能力的机制在于个体为了适应穷困环境而付出努力。此外,本文探讨了童年农村经历对大五人格子指标以及细分指标的影响,发现有过童年农村经历的群体在顺同性和外向性等方面更高。更细致地说,有过童年农村经历的群体在条理性、顺从性、热情性和行动力等方面更高,不过在审慎性和价值取向等方面却更低。本文的研究结论从童年农村经历的视角上为早期生活经历会影响非认知能力提供了经验证据。
关键词(KeyWords): 农村经历;非认知能力;大五人格;控制点
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重大项目“城乡融合与新发展格局战略联动的内在机理与实现路径研究”(项目编号:21&ZD085);; 中央财经大学科教融合研究生学术新星孵化计划“方言与城市间贸易:基于文化和制度双重视角的解释”(项目编号:2024110)的资助
作者(Author): 晏正伟,李兵,刘悦茹
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- (1)本文选取CFPS2010的数据主要基于三个原因:国内外非认知能力的指标大多数使用CFPS2010的数据构建(Gong et al.,2015;李涛和张文韬,2015;王春超和张承莎,2019);CFPS2010数据和其余的数据相比,基于CFPS2010数据构建童年农村经历的测量误差较小(江静琳等,2018);CFPS2010数据调查了受访者的知青经历,借助这一数据,本文可以有效地排除知青经历的混淆影响。
- (2)当然,不仅是农村的生活环境能够提高非认知能力,城市的生活环境也会通过“学习效应”提高居民的非认知能力(魏东霞和陆铭,2021)。此外,穷困的环境也可能降低非认知能力,比如“穷山恶水出刁民”。但是,我们是在平均意义上的结果,即我们想说的是在平均意义上,童年农村生活经历能够提高个体的非认知能力。
- (3)本文鉴于数据的原因,无法控制更多相关的早期特征变量,例如,父母的陪伴(李波,2018;王春超和林俊杰,2021),我们的研究可能面临着一定的遗漏变量问题。因此,本文参考Oster(2019)的遗漏变量敏感性分析,简单地对不可观测的遗漏变量进行评估。结果发现,当β=0和R■=1.3R2时,δ的结果为-1.860,这一结果远小于0,这说明童年农村经历带来的影响完全由不可观测遗漏变量所解释的可能性较低。