社会规范对合作影响机制的研究——基于内化效应和社会认同效应的分析The Influence Mechanism of Social Norms on Cooperation: An Elicitation of Internalization Effect and Identity Effect
崔驰,安露露,戴明
摘要(Abstract):
人们的合作行为受到社会规范的驱使,这一观点近期得到了学术界的证实。本文设计了一个在遵守社会规范和个人利益之间权衡的社会规范实验,借此将被试者分为遵守社会规范组和不遵守社会规范组,进而分解内化效应和社会认同效应。研究发现:(1)内化效应与社会认同效应都可以从整体上有效提高社会合作水平,但是在维持高水平合作方面的作用有限;(2)随着社会规范遵守程度的增强,社会认同效应在促进社会合作方面的主导作用逐渐被内化效应取代;(3)内化效应在维持高水平合作方面的作用随社会规范遵守程度的增强逐渐凸显,社会认同效应则在降低平均合作率衰减速度方面表现得更好,但短期内仍无法扭转平均合作率高速下降的趋势。本文利用实验室实验为社会规范促进社会合作的研究提供了一种新的视角。
关键词(KeyWords): 社会规范;合作;社会认同效应;内化效应;公共品博弈
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金年度项目“社会经济地位对儿童成长的综合影响及其破解的实地实验研究”(项目编号:22BJL082);; 教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目“社会规范影响合作水平的机制研究”(项目编号:20YJCZH013)的资助
作者(Author): 崔驰,安露露,戴明
DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.20220927.002
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- (1)从严格的定义上看,不同学科(从经济学到社会学再到心理学)对社会规范界定描述各不相同,但是其核心内容大同小异。规范通常被理解为在群体内占主导地位的行为范式,被共同理解和支持,并且通过群体中的社交互动得以维持(Ostrom,2000)。在这里我们将社会规范解释为一种特殊的行为规则,指其在特定情况下向特定人群规定或禁止某种行为(Jackson,1965;Cialdini,2003;Lapinski and Rimal,2005)。如果个人在以下条件下更偏向于遵循规则,则该规则满足社会规范的性质:①人们认为有足够多的其他人也遵守它(经验期望);②人们认为有足够多的其他人也应该遵守该规则,并可能愿意制裁他人的违反行为(规范性期望)(Bicchieri,2005)。
- (2)information treatment是指被试者可以看到或了解其他人是否遵守社会规范,这里强调了被试者可以直接获取他人如何遵守社会规范的相关信息。
- (3)focusing treatment是指通过某些社会规范的环境线索引起被试者产生相应的社会规范行为,这里被试者没有直接获取相关社会规范的信息,而是被启发出社会规范行为。
- (4)在Kimbrough and Vostroknutov(2016)公共品博弈实验中,实验员没有明确告诉被试者参加公共品博弈实验的具体轮数,因此,对于被试者来说无法准确预期博弈进行的轮数,但实际上该博弈进行了10轮。
- (5)本文的社会规范实验沿袭Kimbrough and Vostroknutov(2016)的实验设计并对原设计的社会情境进行了改进。在Kimbrough and Vostroknutov(2016)的研究设计中,采用了较为复杂的交通灯情境(简称“RF实验”),但交通灯实验的现实情境可能会引起被试者的侥幸心理,即当马路上没有行人和车辆时,即使不遵守交通规则也不会对他人造成影响。为了排除这种侥幸心理的影响和便于被试者理解,我们将此情境简化为丢垃圾情境。而且,绿色环保也是近年来广受关注的热点话题,人们对此也更加敏感。
- (6)按照心理学定义,社会认同就是“个体知晓他/她归属于特定的社会群体,而且他(她)所获得的群体资格会赋予其某种情感和价值意义”,因此我们通过告知被试者其所在小组的成员在遵守社会规范方面与自己表现相似,进而激发被试者的社会认同感。
- (7)Zizzo(2010)提出实验者需求效应(experimenter demand effects)主要是由于恰当行为信息提示所引起的被试者的行为变化。因此,在社会规范实验中,我们并未明确提及将小球扔进B盒子(“随地乱扔”)里会造成环境污染以及其他可能带来的负效应,其目的是尽可能减少需求效应的影响并显示出被试者真实的遵守社会规范的倾向性。
- (8)Cialdini及其同事(Cialdini et al.,1990;Reno et al.,1993)区分了两种类型的规范,即描述性规范和指令性规范。其中,指令性规范涉及对个人行为的道德价值和社会标准判断,即明确规定“什么是对的或错的”“人们应该做什么”或“什么行为是社会可接受的和有价值的”。多数研究发现指令性规范对人们的行为具有更显著的影响(Brauer and Chaurand,2010),且现实生活中的社会规范带有指令性规范的特征,故本实验选用指令性规范。
- (9)在社会规范实验中,其实验结果可能会被解释为实验者需求效应(experimenter demand effects),即被试者因对实验者的假设进行推论而相应地改变其决策行为(De Quidt et al.,2019)。Levitt and List (2007)认为需求效应也可以解释为在亲社会行为方面许多明显的异质性,且Kimbrough and Vostroknutov(2016)认为任何实验者的需求效应实际上都是我们试图衡量的规范依赖性的体现。因此,我们认为社会规范实验可以反映出被试者对规范的遵守情况,且依此分组存在一定的合理性。
- (10)在本文的实验中,每个实验局共有16名被试者,我们根据被试者在社会规范实验中扔进A盒子(“垃圾箱”)的小球数量进行从大到小排序,扔进A盒子(“垃圾箱”)中数量最多的为序号1,最少的为序号16,并将被试按照该排列序号依次分为每四人一组,即1~4号为一组,5~8为一组等。其中,排名靠前的两组为遵守社会规范组,排名靠后的两组分为不遵守社会规范组。而另外一种分组方式是首先将被试者分为遵守社会规范组(即前8名被试),然后按照1、3、5、7为一组,2、4、6、8为一组的方式,同理不遵守社会规范组则是9、11、13、15为一组,10、12、14、16为一组。由于我们度量的是平均效应,故这两种方式相差不大。本文则采用前一种方式。
- (11)第一个实验是采用量表测度被试者的风险偏好(Holt and Laury,2002),第二个实验是借鉴Fischbacher and F?llmi-Heusi(2013)和G?chter and Schulz(2016)中的方法测度被试者的诚实水平,由于这两个实验与后续实验之间不存在直接的联系,所以我们认为它们对后续实验的影响是相当小的。
- (12)在问卷设计上,我们借鉴了Chen and Li(2009)的实验设计,即在受访者线上完成社会规范实验后告知分组规则(与他们分为一组的其他3位受访者是与他们投入A盒子(“垃圾箱”)中小球(“垃圾”)个数相近的受访者),之后参与4种分配情境下的第三方独裁者博弈实验,即作为第三方分别在两名其他受访者之间分配100个筹码。其中,两位其他受访者的身份组合分别是:(同组参与者1,同组参与者2)、(不同组参与者1,不同组参与者2)、(同组参与者1,不同组参与者2)以及(不同组参与者1,同组参与者2)。此外,为了避免单纯“组”概念的影响,我们还设计了没有社会认同激发的对照组,即受访者在完成社会规范实验后仅被告知他们将会与其他3位受访者分为一组。具体的问卷设计和结果详见附录1。
- (13)内化效应是指内化组与基础组的平均合作率差异;同理,社会认同效应是指社会认同与内化组的平均合作率差异。
- (14)内化效应是内化组-遵守社会规范组(内化组-不遵守社会规范组)与基础组的平均合作率差异;同理,社会认同效应是社会认同组-遵守社会规范组(社会认同-不遵守社会规范组)与内化组-遵守社会规范组(内化组-不遵守社会规范组)的平均合作率差异。值得注意的是,在我们的计算定义里内化效应可能是负向的,例如由于内化组的最不遵守社会规范组在社会规范遵守方面的平均水平低于基础组,即内化组的最不遵守社会规范组的内化效应显然低于基础组,使得计算结果是负向的。
- (15)在前文实验设计中的分组规则下,我们分别将社会规范遵守程度最强(排序为1~4)和最弱(排序为13~16)的两组抽离出来进行分析,并将社会规范遵守程度最强的组定义为最遵守规范组,最弱的组定义为最不遵守规范组。值得注意的是,我们并没有采用排序5~8组和9~12组的数据,其主要原因是公共物品博弈实验中的分组规则是按照被试者在社会规范实验中的表现从大到小进行排序分组,因此处在中间的两组受到随机因素的干扰较大,在社会规范遵守程度方面的区分度较小。
- (16)但值得注意的是,我们对于条件合作者的度量是在公共品博弈实验结束后进行的,可能存在很多混杂因素的干扰,例如顺序效应的影响,因此该结果仅能作为一些补充,我们对于该结果也是保持谨慎的态度。
- (17)可以看出独裁者游戏3和独裁者游戏4本质上是一样的,而设计这两个游戏的目的是一方面可以检验受访者是否认真填写问卷,另一方面可以排除标签对受访者的影响。结果发现受访者在独裁者游戏3和独裁者游戏4中的分配结果并没有显著性差异。
- (18)一个有关调查问卷的担忧是被试者缺乏真实的货币激励(调查问卷无法进行真实支付),但由于线上问卷的匿名性更高,受访者出于社会形象顾虑进行伪装的动机更弱,可以进一步抵消缺乏货币激励所带来的问题。