张正东

• 1:清华大学经济管理学院经济系

摘要(Abstract)：

传统微观理论认为夫妻间劳动力分配是家庭劳动供给决策的最优选择,但现实生活中社会规范的存在可能会扭曲夫妻双方在劳动力市场的表现。相对收入反映了夫妻在家庭生产和劳动力市场之间的比较优势,同时妻子收入超过丈夫会挑战"男人赚钱应比女人多"的传统性别观念。本文利用2002—2006年城镇住户调查数据,探究了在我国家庭中夫妻相对收入对双方劳动供给的影响。实证研究发现无论男女,收入超过配偶的可能性都与配偶的劳动参与和工作时间呈负相关关系,而对自身劳动供给并无显著影响。这些结果表明在我国家庭中夫妻间劳动力分配遵循着比较优势的经济理性,而没有受到社会规范的扭曲。此外,本文还发现当配偶收入超过自己时女性相比于男性更倾向于离开劳动力市场、减少工作时间和从事低收入工作,这种性别差异能够解释我国男女在劳动力市场表现存在的较大差异。

关键词(KeyWords)： 劳动供给;比较优势;社会规范

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 张正东

DOI: 10.16513/j.cnki.cje.2017.02.007

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• (1)据世界银行2014年劳动参与率数据,在233个国家中仅有4个国家女性劳动参与率高于男性。
• (1)在2010—2014年第六轮世界价值观调查中,除去未表明态度的受访者,我国38%的男性和27%的女性认为“如果妻子收入超过丈夫,几乎肯定会引发问题”。这一比例在60个调查国家中排名第44位,排名最高的国家是乌兹别克斯坦,男性和女性赞同的比例分别为74%和68%;排名最低的国家是荷兰,男性和女性赞同的比例只有6%。
• (2)据世界银行2014年劳动参与率数据,中国女性劳动参与率在233个国家中排名第45位。
• (1)如果女性会通过减少劳动供给来恢复社会规范的性别角色,同样地男性也可能通过增加自己的劳动供给使收入超过女性。
• (2)综合考虑数据的可能性和样本数量的限制,本文只选取了4个人口统计特征。额外的人口统计特征会使人口统计群体增多,而每个群体劳动收入的观测值减少,使潜在收入的分布变得不可靠。
• (1)男女平均收入的统计样本为就业人口,如果将失业和离开劳动力市场群体的收入考虑入内,收入的性别差异会更大。
• (1)城镇住户调查每年轮换1/2调查户,因此人口统计特征的比例不是固定的。